Behind the Numbers
AAA is a federation of motor clubs serving more
than 54 million members in the United States and
Canada through more than 1,100 oices.
Founded in 1902, AAA is a not-for-profit, fully
taxpaying corporation. Its purpose is twofold: give
members a full range of automotive and travel-related
services and promote the interests of motorists and
travelers through legislative and educational activities.
AAA has published Your Driving
Costs since 1950.
That year, driving a car 10,000 miles cost 9
cents a
mile, and gasoline sold for 27 cents per gallon.
Methodology Cost Calculations in this edition of
Your Driving Costs are comparable to the 2014 ver-
sion. However, revised finance rate calculations that
better reflect real-world trends have set new base-
lines for finance costs and overall average operating
expenses in comparison with previous editions. The
process used to estimate annual driving costs is
proprietary to AAA. It incorporates standardized
criteria designed to model the average AAA
member’s use of a vehicle for personal trans-
portation over five years and 75,000 miles of
ownership.The use of standardized criteria
ensures AAA’s estimates are consistent
when comparing driving costs of dierent
vehicle makes and models. Actual driving
costs will vary based
on individual driv-
ing habits, location,
operating condi-
tions and otherfactors.
Estimates are provided to help
consumers make informed vehicle
purchase decisions and budget for
annual automotive expenses.
AAA Association Communication
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Contents may be reprinted in part
or in their entirety with attribution.
©AAA 2015 • Stock 2717
Printed in USA
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2015 EDITION
YOUR DRIVING COSTS
How much are you really
paying to drive?
How Much Does it Cost to Drive?
Following are average per-mile costs as determined
by AAA and the composite average cost for three size
categories of sedans:
AAA Average Costs Per Mile
miles per year 10,000 15,000 20,000
small sedan 58.2 cents 44.9 cents 38.0 cents
medium sedan 75.9 cents 58.1 cents 49.0 cents
large sedan 93.3 cents 71.0 cents 59.5 cents
composite
average*
75.8 cents 58.0 cents 48.8 cents
* Detailed driving costs for small, medium and
large se-
dans are provided on pages 6 and 7. Driving
costs for four-
wheel-drive sport utility vehicles and minivans are listed
on page 8. Though not part of the composite AAA average,
SUV and minivan information is included to help buyers
estimate operating costs for those types of vehicles.
Driving costs in each category are based on average
costs for five top-selling 2014 models selected by AAA.
By size category, they are:
> Small sedan Chevrolet Cruze, Ford Focus, Honda
Civic, Hyundai Elantra and Toyota Corolla.
>
Medium sedan Chevrolet Malibu, Ford Fusion,
Honda Accord, Nissan Altima and Toyota Camry.
> Large sedan Buick LaCrosse, Chrysler 300, Ford
Taurus, Nissan Maxima and Toyota Avalon.
Selected SUV models include Chevrolet Traverse,
Ford Explorer, Jeep Grand Cherokee, Nissan Pathfinder
and Toyota 4Runner. Minivans include Dodge Grand
Caravan, Kia Sedona, Honda Odyssey, Nissan Quest and
Toyota Sienna.
2 Your Driving Costs
What’s Covered
AAA’s analysis covers vehicles equipped with standard
features and optional equipment including automatic
transmission, air conditioning, power steering, anti-
lock brakes and cruise control, to name a few.
Fuel
Fuel costs were based on $2.855 per gallon, the
late-2014 U.S. price from AAA’s Fuel Gauge Report,
www.FuelGaugeReport.com. Fuel mileage is based on
Environmental Protection Agency fuel-economy rat-
ings weighted 60 percent city and 40 percent highway
driving.
Maintenance
Costs include retail parts and labor
for normal, routine maintenance as specified by the
vehicle manufacturer. They also include the price of a
comprehensive extended warranty with one warranty
claim deductible of $100 and other wear-and-tear items
that can be expected to require service during five
years of operating the vehicle. Sales tax is included on a
national average basis.
Tires
Costs are based on the price of one set of re-
placement tires of the same quality, size and rating as
those that came with the vehicle. Mounting,
balancing and sales tax also are included.
Insurance
AAA based its insurance costs on a
full-coverage policy for a married 47-year-old male
with a good driving record, living in a small city and
commuting three to 10 miles daily to work. The policy
includes $100,000/$300,000 coverage with a $500
deductible for collision and a $100 deductible for
comprehensive coverage.
License, Registration and Taxes
Costs include all
governmental taxes and fees payable at time of
pur-
chase, as well as fees due each year to keep the vehicle
licensed and registered. Costs are computed on a
national average basis.
Depreciation
Depreciation is based on the dierence
between new-vehicle purchase price and estimated
trade-in
value at the end of five years.
Finance Costs are based on a five-year loan, with 10
percent down, at the national average interest rate for
five credit rating categories weighted by market share.
The loan amount
includes taxes and the first year’s
license fees, both computed on a national average basis.
Your Driving Costs 3
* price per gallon $2.855
Figuring Your Costs
To figure your fuel cost, begin with a full tank of fuel and
write down the odometer reading. Each time you fill up,
note the number of gallons, how much you pay and the
odometer reading. These figures can then be used to
calculate average miles per gallon and cost of fuel per
mile. For example:
Gas Cost Per Mile
galllons cost* odometer
full tank 8,850
12.4 $35.40 9,136
9.5 $27.12 9,355
15.7 $44.82 9,717
37.6 $107.35 9,717
–8,850
miles driven = 867
miles per gallon: 867 ÷ 37.6 = 23.1 mpg
gas cost per mile: $107.35 ÷ 867 = 12.38 cents
4 Your Driving Costs
When determining your
annual driving costs,
be sure to include all
vehicle-related expenses
incurred during the year.
To determine your driving costs accurately, keep
personal records on all the costs listed below. Use this
worksheet to figure your total cost to drive.
Annual Cost Per Mile
costs yearly totals
operating costs
gas per mile
total miles driven
total gas
maintenance
tires
total operating costs
ownership costs
depreciation
insurance
taxes
license and registration
finance charges
total ownership costs
other costs
(parking, tolls, washing, etc.)
total driving costs
total miles driven
cost per mile
×
=
=
=
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
=
=
÷
Your Driving Costs 5
Small Sedan † Medium Sedan † Large Sedan † Average
Operating Costs per mile per mile per mile per mile
gas 9.18 cents 10.87 cents 13.58 cents 11.21 cents
maintenance 4.68 cents 5.20 cents 5.46 cents 5.11 cents
tires 0.68 cents 1.11 cents 1.15 cents 0.98 cents
cost per mile 14.54 cents 17.18 cents 20.19 cents 17.30 cents
Ownership Costs per year per year per year per year
full-coverage insurance $1,071 $1,106 $1,167 $1,115
license, registration, taxes $489 $671 $836 $665
depreciation (15,000 miles annually) $2,515 $3,687 $4,759 $3,654
finance charge $473 $675 $858 $669
cost per year $4,548 $6,139 $7,620 $6,102
cost per day $12.46 $16.82 $20.88 $16.72
Total Cost Per Mile
10,000 total miles per year per year per year per year per year
cost per mile x 10,000 miles $1,454 $1,718 $2,019 $1,730
cost per day x 365 days $4,548 $6,139 $7,620 $6,102
decreased depreciation** –$180 –$270 –$306 –$252
total cost per year $5,822 $7,587 $9,333 $7,581
total cost per mile* 58.2 cents 75.9 cents 93.3 cents 75.8 cents
15,000 total miles per year per year per year per year per year
cost per mile x 15,000 miles $2,181 $2,577 $3,029 $2,596
cost per day x 365 days $4,548 $6,139 $7,620 $6,102
total cost per year $6,729 $8,716 $10,649 $8,698
total cost per mile* 44.9 cents 58.1 cents 71.0 cents 58.0 cents
20,000 total miles per year per year per year per year per year
cost per mile x 20,000 miles $2,908 $3,436 $4,038 $3,461
cost per day x 365 days $4,548 $6,139 $7,620 $6,102
increased depreciation*** $150 $215 $248 $204
total cost per year $7,606 $9,790 $11,906 $9,767
total cost per mile* 38.0 cents 49.0 cents 59.5 cents 48.8 cents
Driving Costs
6 Your Driving Costs
*
total cost per year ÷ total
miles per year
**
decreased depreciation
for mileage under 15,000
miles annually averaged
over 5 years
Small Sedan † Medium Sedan † Large Sedan † Average
Operating Costs per mile per mile per mile per mile
gas 9.18 cents 10.87 cents 13.58 cents 11.21 cents
maintenance 4.68 cents 5.20 cents 5.46 cents 5.11 cents
tires 0.68 cents 1.11 cents 1.15 cents 0.98 cents
cost per mile 14.54 cents 17.18 cents 20.19 cents 17.30 cents
Ownership Costs per year per year per year per year
full-coverage insurance $1,071 $1,106 $1,167 $1,115
license, registration, taxes $489 $671 $836 $665
depreciation (15,000 miles annually) $2,515 $3,687 $4,759 $3,654
finance charge $473 $675 $858 $669
cost per year $4,548 $6,139 $7,620 $6,102
cost per day $12.46 $16.82 $20.88 $16.72
Total Cost Per Mile
10,000 total miles per year per year per year per year per year
cost per mile x 10,000 miles $1,454 $1,718 $2,019 $1,730
cost per day x 365 days $4,548 $6,139 $7,620 $6,102
decreased depreciation** –$180 –$270 –$306 –$252
total cost per year $5,822 $7,587 $9,333 $7,581
total cost per mile* 58.2 cents 75.9 cents 93.3 cents 75.8 cents
15,000 total miles per year per year per year per year per year
cost per mile x 15,000 miles $2,181 $2,577 $3,029 $2,596
cost per day x 365 days $4,548 $6,139 $7,620 $6,102
total cost per year $6,729 $8,716 $10,649 $8,698
total cost per mile* 44.9 cents 58.1 cents 71.0 cents 58.0 cents
20,000 total miles per year per year per year per year per year
cost per mile x 20,000 miles $2,908 $3,436 $4,038 $3,461
cost per day x 365 days $4,548 $6,139 $7,620 $6,102
increased depreciation*** $150 $215 $248 $204
total cost per year $7,606 $9,790 $11,906 $9,767
total cost per mile* 38.0 cents 49.0 cents 59.5 cents 48.8 cents
Your Driving Costs 7
***
increased depreciation
for mileage over 15,000
miles annually averaged
over 5years
† see page 2 for a listing of
vehicle makes and mod-
els used for driving cost
calculations
Operating Costs
per mile per mile
gas 14.60 cents 13.65 cents
maintenance 5.65 cents 5.19 cents
tires 1.38 cents 0.84 cents
cost per mile 21.6 cents 19.7 cents
Ownership Costs
per year per year
full-coverage insurance $1,058
$999
license, registration, taxes $827
$688
depreciation
(15,000 miles annually)
$4,646
$4,039
finance charge $848
$694
cost per year $7,379 $6,420
cost per day $20.22 $17.59
Total Cost Per Mile
10,000 miles a year per year per year
cost per mile x 10,000 miles $2,163 $1,968
cost per day x 365 days $7,379 $6,420
decreased depreciation** –$282 –$270
total cost per year $9,260 $8,118
total cost per mile* 92.6 cents 81.2 cents
15,000 miles a year per year per year
cost per mile x 15,000 miles $3,245 $2,952
cost per day x 365 days $7,379 $6,420
total cost per year $10,624 $9,372
total cost per mile* 70.8 cents 62.5 cents
20,000 miles a year per year per year
cost per mile x 20,000 miles $4,326 $3,936
cost per day x 365 days $7,379 $6,420
increased depreciation*** $226 $215
total cost per year $11,931 $10,571
total cost per mile* 59.7 cents 52.9 cents
Driving Costs
4WD Sport
Utility Vehicle † Minivan †
*
total cost per year ÷ total
miles per year
**
decreased depreciation for
mileage under 15,000 miles
annually averaged
over
5years
***
increased depreciation for
mileage over 15,000 miles
annually averaged
over
5years
† see page 2 for a listing of
vehicle makes and models
used for driving cost
calculations
8 Your Driving Costs
If you commute to work by
car, figure about $58 in total
vehicle expenses per 100miles.
If that seems like a lot, driving
a more fuel-eicient model
or using public or alternative
transportation options could
save you money.
Vehicle Maintenance
Driving costs also are aected by how well your
vehicle runs. Performing regular maintenance can
ensure more eicient vehicle operation and help
prevent costly repairs down the road. Below are gen-
eral checks to make sure your vehicle stays in tip-top
shape. Read your owner’s manual for more detailed
information on your vehicle’s specific requirements.
When performing any do-it-yourself maintenance,
always be sure to take proper safety precautions.
Fluids
> Engine oil: Lubricates and cools the engine while
cleaning internal parts. Running your car when
it’s low on oil can cause serious engine damage.
Check the oil level at least once a month.
> Coolant: P
revents engine freeze-up in winter and
boil-over
in summer while protecting the cooling
system from rust and corrosion. Check the coolant
level at each oil change.
> Brake fluid: Critical to proper performance of the
vehicle’s braking system. Check at each oil change.
>
Transmission fluid: Helps transfer engine power
to
the wheels, lubricates internal parts, maintains
seals and
acts as a coolant. Check the level at each
oil change.
> Power steering fluid: Transfers hydraulic pres-
sure to reduce driver steering eort. Check at each
oil change.
> Gasoline: Follow vehicle manufacturer octane
rating recommendations to ensure maximum fuel
eiciency and prevent damaging engine knock.
Air Filter
Your vehicle’s air filter captures dirt parti-
cles and ensures proper airflow to the engine. Inspect
the filter at every oil change and replace as needed.
Belts
Most vehicles today use a single serpentine
belt
to operate under-hood accessories such as the
alternator
. However, V-belts still are used in some
applications. Inspect all belts at every oil change and
replace when you spot signs of wear such as glazing or
cracking.
Hoses
Hoses circulate vital liquids such as engine
coolant, transmission fluid and power steering fluid.
Inspect hoses at every oil change and repair or re-
place any that show signs of wear or leakage.
10 Your Driving Costs
Battery The battery supplies power to the starter
motor, acts as a voltage stabilizer and makes up for any
shortfall when the alternator can’t meet the vehicle’s
electrical needs. Inspect battery cable connections at
every oil change and clean as needed.
When servicing a
battery, always wear eye protection
and gloves.
Tires
As the only part of your vehicle in contact with
the road, tires are integral to safety and ride comfort.
For optimum performance, tires must have adequate
tread depth and be properly inflated. Inspect tires and
check inflation pressures at least once a month.
AAA
oers several resources to complement infor-
mation found in your owner’s manual. They include:
> AAA.com: Provides a variety of vehicle maintenance
and operating tips. Online content varies by AAA club.
> AAA Approved Auto Repair: The Approved Auto
Repair network includes more than 7,100 shops
across North America that are visited regularly
and inspected annually to ensure they meet AAA’s
rigorous quality standards and deliver exceptional
service and value. AAA members using them receive
special discounts, written
repair estimates, free main-
tenance inspections, minimum
24-month/24,000-mile
parts and labor warranties, AAA arbitration in repair
disputes and priority service when their vehicles are
towed in following a breakdown.
> AAA ShopLocator: Available in most areas, this
AAA.com search tool helps users locate nearby AAA
Approved Auto Repair facilities and provides lists of
services, hours and other helpful information.
> AAA AutoManager: This free AAA.com program
sends users e-mail reminders of scheduled vehi-
cle
service requirements and due dates for vehicle
payments
and insurance premiums. It also provides
vehicle recall notifications and helps owners track
service histories. Online content varies by club.
Your Driving Costs 11
