Index
Adjusted gross revenues (AGRs), 181
Aircel, 169, 173, 176, 177, 180
AT&T/Time Warner , 128–129
Austrian Federal Competition
Authority (BWB), 12
Austrian telecoms regulator (RTR), 12
Average revenue per user (ARPU), 125
Bharti Airtel, 163, 165, 169–170, 172,
179
Body of European Regulators for
Electronic Communications
(BEREC), 14
Bouygues Telecom, 65, 145–147
BSNL, 163, 165, 177, 180
BT/EE, 124–125
Business model innovation, 4–5
Buyer switching costs, 48
Cablevision, 127
Carrier Aggregation, 66
21st Century Fox, 132–133
Chief executive officer (CEO), 122
Christiansen interpretation, 1–3
critiques of, 3–5
telecommunications-based critique,
5–6
CK Hutchison, 27, 40
financial performance, 200–205
3G, 189
geographical footprint, 195–199
initial public offering (IPO), 197
mobile subscribers, 200
in telecommunications industry,
190–195
Code-division multiple access
(CDMA), 59
Competition and Markets Authority
(CMA), 124
Concentration ratios, 92
‘Connect’ test, 13
Council for Economic Defense
(CADE), 128
Customer acquisition, 10
Department of Justice (DOJ), 129
Department of Telecommunications
(DoT), 165
Deutsche Telkom, 131
Dhan Dhana Dhan plans, 170
Difference-in-differences (DiD)
methodology, 12
Dish Network, 134
Disruption
case studies of, 21–45
caused by new entry, 47–89
clarifications, 2–3
contrasted cases of, 215–217
internal and external factors,
213–215
‘low-end,’ 1
multifaceted nature of, 213–215
‘new-market,’ 1
Ofcom analysis of, 7
–10, 21–22
patterns of, 7, 220
in practice, 218
theory of, 1
and trend towards multi-play,
121–139
Disruptive activity by
Aircel, 169
BASE, 25
Bharti Airtel, 163, 217
BSNL, 163
CK Hutchison, 27
Digicel, 109
Fastweb, 109
Free Mobile, 216
Hutchison and VimpelCom,
108–109
Idea Cellular, 163, 174, 177, 178,
180, 216
Iliad, 109, 216, 217
KPN, 25
LTE network, 16
mobile network operator (MNO),
10
mobile virtual network operators
(MVNOs), 6
Mobistar, 25
MTNL, 164
NJJ Capital, 34–35
Proximus, 25
Quadrant Televentures, 164
radio access network (RAN), 11
RCom, 163
Reliance Jio, 35, 216
Sistema Shyam, 164
Tata DoCoMo, 164
Tele2, 22
Telecoms Disputes Settlement &
Appelate Tribunal
(TDSAT), 169
Telenor, 11, 164
Telia One, 26
TeliaSonera, 11
T-Mobile/Orange merger, 12
T-Mobile/tele.ring merger, 12
T-Mobile US, 38–39
United Internet/Drillisch, 27
Vodafone, 25, 216–217
Disruptive activity in
Australia, 35–36
Austria, 12, 25, 98–99
Belgium, 25
Canada, 36
China, 15
Czech Republic, 25
Denmark, 11, 26, 104–105
European Union (EU), 91–119
Finland, 13, 26–27
France, 27, 102–104
Germany, 11, 27–28, 100–102, 121
Greece, 28
Hong Kong, 36
India, 163–187
Indonesia, 36–37
Ireland, 11, 28–29, 100
Italy, 29–30, 108–110
Japan, 37
Malaysia, 37
Netherlands, 12, 30–31, 110–111
New Zealand, 37–38
Norway, 13, 31, 99
Poland, 31–32
Portugal, 32
Scandinavian countries, 13
South Africa, 38
Spain, 33
Sweden, 33–34
Switzerland, 34–35
UK, 34, 105–108, 124–125
USA, 38–40
‘Disruptive Growth Fund,’ 4
Disruptive innovation, 5
Disruptive firms, 8, 10, 21
Disruptors, 112–113
Earnings/loss before interest and
taxation (EBIT/LBIT),
200
EBITDA, 203
European Commission (EC), 10, 31,
63, 91
European Economic Free Trade Area,
50
European mobile
in 2017, 93–97
concentration ratios, 92
Denmark, 104–105
disruptors, 112–113
France, 102–104
Germany, 100–102
International Telecommunication
Union (ITU), 92
Ireland, 100
226 Index
Italy, 108–110
Long-Term Evolution (LTE)
licences, 93
mergers, 97–98
mobile market, 93–96
mobile virtual network operator
(MVNO), 98
NetCom GSM, 99
Netherlands, 110–111
new entry, 111–112
Norway, 99
one-off exception, 97
quad-play, 113–114
sample, 91
takeovers, 97–98
Telia Norway, 99
T-Mobile, 103
UK, 105–108
Ziggo, 110
European mobile communication
markets, 47
European Union (EU), 10, 50, 91,
114
Federal Communications Commission
(FCC), 38
Freebox, 147
Free Mobile, 65
Altice, 154–155
Bouygues Telecom, 155–157
Freebox, 147, 148
2G, 143
3G and 4G (LTE) licences, 144–147
3G services, 149–150
GSM standard, 143
Iliad, 147–149, 152
Internet protocol TV (IPTV), 147
Orange, 154
outcomes, 150–152
pink Minitel services, 147
SFR, 154–155
stable three operator market,
143–144
Time-Division Long Term
Evolution (TD-LTE)
licences, 146
Timeline of Events, 1989–2018, 142
Video-on-Demand (VoD), 148
Voice over IP (VoIP), 148
French telecommunications market.
See Free Mobile
General financial information, 10
Gigabyte (GB), 38, 168
Gigahertz (GHz), 16, 64, 130
2G (GSM) licensing, 49–50
3G (UMTS) licensing, 50–65
new entrants, 51, 60–62
4G (LTE) licensing, 66–86
Global System for Mobile (GSM), 163
GSM standard, 143
Harvard Business Review (HBR),3
Hong Kong Broadband Network
(HKBN), 126
Hutchison, 6, 13, 40, 59, 112
Hutchison Asia Telecommunications
(HAT), 194
Hutchison 3G Italy Investments, 64,
108
Hutchison H3G, 63
Hutchison Telecommunications
International Ltd (HTIL),
193–194, 198, 199
Hutchison Whampoa, 8, 59, 63, 87,
111
Idea Cellular, 163, 166, 168, 171, 178
Iliad, 147–149, 152
Incumbents customers, 2
Indian mobile market
adjusted gross revenues (AGRs),
181
2016auction, 164–168
mobile network operators, 163–164
restructuring, 171–173
Index 227
Securities and Exchange Board
(SEB), 169
telecom regulatory framework, 165
Telecoms Disputes Settlement &
Appelate Tribunal
(TDSAT), 169
Initial public offer (IPO), 131
Interconnection usage charge (IUC),
175
International Telecommunication
Union (ITU), 25, 26, 34, 92
Internet of Things, 6
Internet protocol (IP), 122
Internet protocol TV (IPTV), 147
Internet service provider (ISP), 38
Jio Prime Membership Programme,
170
Kodak, 4, 7
Long-Term Evolution (LTE), 16, 93,
216
‘Low-end’ disruption, 1
LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), 66
Machine-to-machine (M2M), 6, 28
Margrethe Vestager, 11
Megabits per second (Mbps), 16, 66
Megahertz (MHz), 16, 30, 38, 42, 88
Merger and acquisition (M&A)
activity, 16, 230
Mergers, 97–98
Millimetre wave (mmWave), 130
Mobile market, 93–96
Mobile messaging service (MMS), 26
Mobile network operator (MNO), 10
Mobile operator licensing, in Europe
first-mover advantages, 48–49
3G licensing, 50–65
4G licensing, 66–86
GSM licensing, 49–50
Mobile virtual network operators
(MVNOs), 6, 98, 101
MTNL, 164, 171, 180–181
Multifaceted nature, of disruption
contrasted cases of, 215–217
internal and external factors,
213–215
Multi-play
Asia, 125–126
BT/EE, 124–125
Cablevision, 127
definition, 121
Deutsche Telkom, 131
Hong Kong Broadband Network
(HKBN), 126
initial public offer (IPO), 131
Netflix, 134
over-the-top (OTT) services, 134
pay-off, 134–135
quad-play, 121
recent activity, 133
Sky, 132–133
Spectrum Mobile, 133
21st Century Fox, 132–133
Time Warner Cable (TWC), 126
T-Mobile, 121
USA, 126–128
Verizon Communications, 127, 130,
131
Vodafone, 122–124
Yahoo!, 130
National Company Law Appellate
Tribunal (NCLAT), 179
National Company Law Tribunal
(NCLT), 169, 177
NetCom GSM, 99
Netflix, 39, 134
Network coverage and quality, 16–
17
New entry, 111–112
‘New-market’ disruption, 1
Next generation network (NGN), 123
Ofcom analysis, 21–22
aggressive behaviour, 10
core hypothesis, 7–8
228 Index
disruptive firms, 8
effects on investment, 8–9
European countries cited, 22–34
European countries not analysed,
34–35
motivation, for disruption, 9
summarised, 9–10
One-off exception, 97
Orange, 154
Outcome-based approach, 6–7
Over-the-top (OTT) services, 134
Pink Minitel services, 147
Quad-play, 113–114, 121
Quadrant Televentures, 164
Quality of service (QoS), 2, 16
Radio area network (RAN), 11, 109
RCom, 163
Reliance Jio, 35, 131, 164, 168, 170
Salop model, 16
Securities and Exchange Board (SEB),
169, 172
Significant disruptors
CK Hutchison, 40
ice, 41–42
PPF Group, 40–41
Tele2, 40
SIM card, 149–150
Significant market power (SMP), 177
Sistema Shyam, 164
Sky, 132–133
Smart Telecom, 59
Spectrum Mobile, 133
Stable three operator market, 143–144
Strategic debt restructuring (SDR), 174
Takeovers, 97–98
Tata DoCoMo, 164
Telecom Italia, 63
Telecommunications-based critique, 5–6
Telecom Regulatory Authority of
India (TRAI), 165, 168, 170
Telecoms Disputes Settlement &
Appelate Tribunal
(TDSAT), 165, 169, 177
Telenor, 11, 26, 105, 164
Telia Norway, 99
Time dimension duplex (TDD), 110
Time-Division Long Term Evolution
(TD-LTE) licences, 146
Timeline of Events, 1989–2018, 142
Time Warner Cable (TWC), 126
T-Mobile, 98, 121, 133
Triple-play, 124
Uber, 3, 5
Universal mobile telecommunications
system (UMTS), 47, 67 –77,
144
Verizon Communications, 127, 131
Video-on-Demand (VoD), 148
VimpelCom, 63, 64, 108, 109
Virgin Mobile, 145
‘Virtual’ operators, 6
Vodafone, 63, 121–124, 163
Vodafone Hutchison Australia (VHA),
198
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), 35
Voice over IP (VoIP), 148
Western PCS Corp., 199
Western Wireless Inc., 199
WiMAX to LTE, 36
Wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi), 125, 127
Wireless industry, 15
Worldwide interoperability for
microwave access
(WiMAX), 36
Yahoo!, 127, 130
Zapp Mobile, 59
Index 229