Research Article Open Access
Open Access
Review Article
Sonti, J Geogr Nat Disast 2015, 5:3
DOI: 10.4172/2167-0587.1000145
Volume 5 • Issue 3 • 1000145
J Geogr Nat Disast
ISSN: 2167-0587 JGND, an open access journal
Environment: Globalization and Urbanization
*Corresponding author: Sonti SH, Department of Environmental and Occupational
Studies, Symphony Way, Bellville South Industrial, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa,
Tel: 0739132588; E-mail: [email protected]
Received August 26, 2015; Accepted September 29, 2015; Published October
01, 2015
Citation: Sonti SH (2015) Application of Geographic Information System (GIS) in
Forest Management. J Geogr Nat Disast 5: 145. doi:10.4172/2167-0587.1000145
Copyright: © 2015 Sonti SH. This is an open-access article distributed under the
terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and
source are credited.
Application of Geographic Information System (GIS) in Forest
Management
Sonti SH*
Department of Environmental and Occupational Studies, Symphony Way, Bellville South Industrial, Cape Town-7535, South Africa
Abstract
The overall aim of this paper is to explore the potential application of Geographic Information System (GIS)
technology in forest management in general and in 3 African countries. The use of GIS has ooded almost every eld
in the engineering, natural and social sciences, offering accurate, efcient, reproducible methods for collecting, viewing
and analyzing spatial data.
According to Upadhyay forests are a dynamic resource, affected by many coexisting ecological processes and
direct management interventions. To make better decision, to improve productivity, to save time, money and man power
in forest management activities, required are dynamic both locational and descriptive inventory data, rather geographic
information. The evolution of GIS, the Global Positioning System (GPS), and Remote Sensing (RS) technologies has
enabled the collection and analysis of eld data in ways that were not possible before the arrival of computers.
GIS has proven to play a vital role in the following
• Resource Management
• Harvest planning
• Fire Management
• Map production
• GIS for strategic planning and modeling
The range of applications reviewed in this essay is clear evidence to the signicant value of forests and the potential
of GIS to aid in their management. Despite the diversity of applications, however, a number of broad conclusions can
be reached about the role of GIS in forestry.
Keywords:
Global positioning system; Fire management; GIS;
Remote sensing
Introduction
e use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) has ooded
almost every eld in the engineering, natural and social sciences,
oering accurate, ecient, reproducible methods for collecting, viewing
and analysing spatial data. Forests are important renewable natural
resources and have a signicant role in preserving an environment
suitable for human life. In addition to timber, forests provide such
resources as grazing land for animals, wildlife habitat, water resources
and recreation areas. Forestry involves the management of a broad
range of natural resources within a forested area. Forest resource
management in today’s ever changing world is becoming more
complex and demanding to forest managers.
GIS is suggested in this essay as a potential means of dealing with
this complexity. Upadhyay [1] stated that “Geographical Information
Systems is an information technology that has been used in public policy
making for environmental and forest planning and decision making
over the past two decades”. GIS and related technologies provide
foresters with powerful tools for record keeping, analysis and decision
making. GIS can be established to provide crucial information about
resources and can make planning and management of resources easier,
for example, recording and updating resource inventories, harvest
estimation and planning, ecosystem management, and landscape and
habitat planning [1]. e evolution of GIS, the Global Positioning
System (GPS), and Remote Sensing (RS) technologies has enabled
the collection and analysis of eld data in ways that were not possible
before the arrival of computers. Nowadays, with improved access to
computers and modern technologies, GIS is becoming increasingly
popular for resource management.
e primary aim of this essay is to explore the potential
application of Geographic Information System (GIS) technology
in forest management in general and in 3 African countries. Spatial
technologies and their applications will be covered. GIS application in
forest management will also be looked at and thus GIS application in
forest management in 3 African countries will also be looked. Lastly a
conclusion will be made.
Spatial technologies and their applications
e Global positioning system (GPS): Global Positioning System
(GPS) technology has provided an essential tool for management
of agricultural and natural resources. GPS is a satellite and ground
based radio navigation and locational system that enables the user
to determine very accurate locations on the surface of the Earth
[2]. Although GPS is a complex and sophisticated technology, user
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ISSN: 2167-0587
Citation: Sonti SH (2015) Application of Geographic Information System (GIS) in Forest Management. J Geogr Nat Disast 5: 145. doi:10.4172/2167-
0587.1000145
Page 2 of 5
Volume 5 • Issue 3 • 1000145
J Geogr Nat Disast
ISSN: 2167-0587 JGND, an open access journal
interfaces have evolved to become very accessible to the non-technical
user. Simple and inexpensive GPS units are available with accuracies of
10 to 20 meters, and more sophisticated precision agriculture systems
can obtain centimeter level accuracies. Reected radiation in the
infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum, which is invisible to the
human eye, is of particular importance for vegetation studies [2].
Remote sensing: Remote sensing technologies are used to gather
information about the surface of the earth from a distant platform,
usually a satellite or airborne sensor. Most remotely sensed data used
for mapping and spatial analysis is collected as reected electromagnetic
radiation, which is processed into a digital image that can be overlaid
with other spatial data Chuvieco and Congalton [3].
Geographic information systems: Geographic Information
Systems applications enable the storage, management, and analysis of
large quantities of spatially distributed data. ese data are associated
with their particular geographic features. For example, water quality
data would be linked with a sampling site, represented by a point. Data
on crop yields might be associated with elds or experimental plots,
represented on a map by polygons. A GIS can manage dierent data
types occupying the same geographic space. For example, a biological
control agent and its prey may be distributed in dierent abundances
across a variety of plant types in an experimental plot. e power of a
GIS lies in its ability to analyze relationships between features and their
associated data.
is analytical ability results in the generation of new information,
as patterns and spatial relationships are revealed.
GIS applications in general
Anon [4] explained that the uses of GIS, GPS, and RS technologies,
either individually or in combination, span a broad range of
applications and degrees of complexity. Simple applications might
involve determining the location of sampling sites, plotting maps for
use in the eld, or examining the distribution of soil types in relation to
yields and productivity. More complex applications take advantage of
the analytical capabilities of GIS and RS soware. ese might include
vegetation classication for predicting crop yield or environmental
impacts, modelling of surface water drainage patterns, or tracking
animal migration patterns [4].
GIS applications can be grouped into various categories depending
on the level of integration with other forest management and nancial
systems. ese categories include
• Data collection and maintenance.
• Map production.
• Data viewing and query.
• Decision support systems.
GIS application in forest management
GIS for strategic planning and modeling: Forest management
planning involves making predictions about what the future forest will
look like relative to alternative management activities. is ability is
crucial to nearly all aspects of management forecasting, particularly
long term wood and wildlife supply. According to Kane [5] GIS stores
both the geographic and numerical structure of the forest stands
and links that spatial database to the planning models. It allows the
manager to eectively add both the important temporal and spatial
dimensions to the management planning process. Within the limits of
the inventory and model, the manager can then map what the forest
will look like in 5,10, 25, or 100 years in the future.
Map production: Forest managers require a wide variety of maps
to assist with their daily activities. Plantation maps are most commonly
used for location purposes and may contain additional useful
information such as roads, rivers, compartment boundaries, planted
species, and compartment size. Other features such as topographic
features (contours), infrastructure, water points, re breaks, neighbours
and conservation areas may be also included in the map [5].
Fire management: e eect of re on forest resources is another
important management concern. Management activities include re
prevention, wildlife control, prescribed burning, and post re recovery
actions. e modelling capabilities of GIS have been quite eective
in this context. Forest re managers have used GIS for fuel mapping,
weather condition mapping, and re danger rating. Forest res have
an important inuence on the vegetation cover, animals, plants, soil,
stream ow, air quality, microclimate, and even general climate [3].
e loss of timber is obvious and so is the damage to life and property.
e loss of recreation value of the forest and the destruction of wildlife
habitat are also consequences of forest res.
e key to managing approved burning activities was the ability
to anticipate re behaviour aer ignition. Chuvieco et al. [3] explained
that re behaviour models have been developed from fuel models to
predict the re intensity based on factors such as slope, elevation, site
exposure, wind speed, relative humidity, cloud cover, temperature, and
live and dead fuel moisture. ese models are not spatial, however,
and are typically used to predict re behaviour for a fairly large area.
To increase the sensitivity of the re behaviour models to spatial
variability within the park, re behaviour models were fun with a
raster based GIS. With input layers stored in the GIS, its mathematical
modelling capabilities, along with selected lookup tables, were then
used to implement several fuel and re intensity models. By comparing
the predicted re behaviour with actual burn conditions, Wells and
McKinsey concluded that the GIS implementation of re behaviour
models was useful in locating potential control areas, planning ignition
patterns, and accommodating sensitive areas that would be adversely
aected by high re intensities [3].
Harvest planning: Good forest management practice requires
detailed planning of harvesting activities. Harvest planning activities
include the identication of felling directions, extraction routes, depots
and sensitive zones such as wetlands. Maps constitute a basic planning
tool for these activities [5]. Other tactical harvest planning functions
utilize maps to identify planned felling over a number of years, and to
consolidate felling areas and extraction routes thereby permitting the
ecient use of harvesting equipment and other resources.
Resource management: Wulder and Franklin [6] mentioned that
collecting forest inventory data and monitoring changes are critical to
forest management activities. Yet, a GIS can build on these activities
by incorporating models to guide, for example, timber harvesting,
silviculture and re management activities, or predict fuel wood
and other resource supplies. Other priorities, such as providing for
wildlife habitat, ensuring recreation opportunities and minimizing
visual impacts of harvesting, are also growing in importance. Some
applications deal with single management issues, such as timber
production, while others illustrate how a mix of management concerns
can be integrated through the use of GIS, such as timber production
combined with habitat protection.
Citation: Sonti SH (2015) Application of Geographic Information System (GIS) in Forest Management. J Geogr Nat Disast 5: 145. doi:10.4172/2167-
0587.1000145
Page 3 of 5
Volume 5 • Issue 3 • 1000145
J Geogr Nat Disast
ISSN: 2167-0587 JGND, an open access journal
Uses of GIS in forest management
Upadhyay [1] pointed out that GIS is a good tool for forest
management because it answers the following question that helps in
forest management activities.
• Location: What is at?
Location of forest resources in the earth in many ways such as a
place name, post or zip code, or geographic references such as latitude
and longitude.
• Condition: Where is it?
Non forested land of certain size distance from road or river.
• Trends: What has changed since?
It helps to nd out what has changed within study forest or land
use an area over time
• Patterns: What spatial patterns exist?
Determine whether landslide in forest area
• Modeling: What if?
Determine what happens, if a road network is added in a forest.
GIS application in forest management in Africa
In Kenya: Kenya has a wide range of forests, from coastal forest,
through central high mountain forests to the thick wet rainforests of
the West. Forests are an important source of livelihood, environmental
services, and economic growth in Kenya. Wachiye et al. [7] pointed out
that Kenyan forest are biologically rich and harbor high concentrations
of endemic species. ey are a vital resource that serves the inhabitants
of coastal areas. Mangroves provide wood products for house
construction, rewood and other non-wood forest products such as
tannins and medicine.
Arabuko Sokoke Forest, covering 41,600 ha, is the largest single
block of coastal forest remaining in East Africa. It is the only forest
reserve where the Forest Department has invited three partners to
jointly manage the forest. e three partners are the Kenya Wildlife
Service, Kenya Forestry Research Institute and National Museums
of Kenya. is is in recognition of the importance of the forest as a
biodiversity hotspot and its link with neighboring communities.
Arabuko Sokoke Forest needs to be protected and conserved for present
and future generations. Strategies for conservation must address short-
and long-term goals of forest management.
Remote sensing and GIS in forest management in Kenya:
Wulder [8] explained that following the advances in high resolution
Remote Sensing Digital Data and Aerial Photography, mapping of the
trends of cover changes have become relevant source of information
for understanding land cover pattern changes. Various studies clearly
demonstrated the potential of integrating remote sensing, GIS and eld
information for landscape assessment [9].
In Cameroon: e forests of Cameroon are a resource of local,
regional, and global signicance. eir productive ecosystems provide
services and sustenance either directly or indirectly to millions of
people. Interactions between these forests and the atmosphere help
stabilize climate patterns both within the Congo Basin and worldwide.
Forest atlas soware: e Interactive Forest Atlas of Cameroon
provides users with up to date information on the forest sector,
allowing them to access land use allocation information in their
eorts to improve monitoring and management of forest resources.
In addition to current information, the Atlas also contains historical
records that allow the user to track and analyse land use allocation over
time. Since the publication of the rst version of the Cameroon Forest
Atlas using data from 2004, the Atlas has continuously served as a tool
to manage and track land use allocation both within and outside of the
National Forest Estate.
Participatory mapping and PGIS in community forestry in
Cameroon: a case study: e Cameroon Government’s forestry
management reforms resulted in a 1994 environmental law that
introduced inter alia the concept of community forest. Community
forest is dened therein as ‘that part of non-permanent forest estate
not more than 5000 ha that is the object of an agreement between
government and a community in which communities undertake
sustainable forest management for a period of 25 years, renewable
[10]. McCall and Minang [10] stated that the aims of the introduction
of community forests were to enhance local governance through
community participation, to integrate indigenous forest management
practices, to provide direct economic benets to communities, and to
improve forest biodiversity conservation.
e procedures of the Cameroon Ministry of Environment and
Forestry (MINEF) prescribe the following geo information needed for
granting a community forest.
• A map showing the boundaries of the intended community
forest (community forest boundary map);
• A clear description of activities previously carried out in the
proposed community forest area;
• An inventory report of community forest resources;
• A nal management plan, zoning the forest into
compartments.
e Tinto community: Tinto, in the South West Province of
Cameroon, is well drained, between 160 and 280 m in altitude, with
a rainfall of about 2000 mm/year and is located within the ever green
forest areas of Cameroon known for endemism. e community of
1700-2000 consists of three neighbouring villages of the same clan.
Most farmers grow cocoa or coee as cash crops, along with cassava,
maize and other subsistence crops. Forest activities include hunting,
collecting non timber forest products and timber [10]. e Clan
Council oversees local resource management policy, especially farming
rights given to clear forest, and the administration of sacred groves.
Some local controls are enforced, such as to reduce poisons in shing.
Part of the forest within the clan boundaries lies in the Banyang Mbo
Sanctuary, wherein the Council works with Ministry of Environment
and Forests projects to regulate forest activities.
e PGIS process in Tinto: e PGIS process in Tinto can
be divided into four main phases, the preparatory stage; land use
mapping and planning; community forest boundary mapping; and
the community forest management plan mapping phase. McCall and
Minang [10] pointed out that the preparatory phase was aimed mainly
at the Ministry’s Forest Plan at national, regional and local levels to see
if forests in the area were eligible for community forestry, based on the
provisions of the 1994 forestry law.
In order to designate part of the local forest area as a potential
community forest, the community must proceed through a sort of land
use mapping and planning process as in phase two [10]. e designated
area was then demarcated and the boundaries mapped in the third
Citation: Sonti SH (2015) Application of Geographic Information System (GIS) in Forest Management. J Geogr Nat Disast 5: 145. doi:10.4172/2167-
0587.1000145
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Volume 5 • Issue 3 • 1000145
J Geogr Nat Disast
ISSN: 2167-0587 JGND, an open access journal
phase. e process can be characterized as ‘learning by doing’ over a
four year period.
In Congo: Mukeba [11] mentioned that the Congo Basin is the
second largest tropical rainforest in the world, with almost 2 million
square kilometers of humid forest an area about the size of Mexico.
e Congo Basin is home to mountain gorillas, lowland gorillas,
chimpanzees, and forest elephants, as well as approximately 1,000
species of birds. e basin is also home to 75 million people and
150 distinct ethnic groups, many of whom still practice a traditional
hunter-gatherer lifestyle. Overall, the Congo Basin contains relatively
intact forest, although mining, commercial logging, charcoal fuel wood
harvesting, and bush meat hunting are signicant threats [12].
e forest atlas soware: Monitoring the vast rainforest that
covers about one third of the Congo Basin is however, an immense
challenge, particularly due to the almost complete lack of roads.
Zhang et al. [13] explained that over the past decade, new
technologies, including remote sensing and Geographic Information
Systems (GIS), have emerged as powerful tools in forest monitoring
that can provide critical information to decision makers on how to
protect this valued natural resource.
e Forest Atlas is a dynamic tool that helps decision makers in
the region to achieve sustainable management of forest resources
through strengthened land use planning and monitoring. rough a
combination of interactive mapping applications, posters, analytical
reports, trainings, and outreach, the Atlases provide users with timely,
accurate, and synchronized information about land use allocation
within national forest estates. e goal of this work is to improve the
quality and availability of information in the forest sector to support
transparent and participatory decision making across the Congo
Basin. e gures below represent some of the uses of GIS in forest
management (Figures 1-4) [13].
A satellite observatory is on its way to becoming a forest
monitoring centre of excellence in the Congo Basin region. Zhang et al.
[13] explained that over the past decade, new technologies, including
remote sensing and (GIS) have emerged as powerful tools in forest
monitoring that can provide critical information about how to protect
this valued natural resource. Remote sensing consists of taking images
from satellites over an area ranging from a few square kilometres to the
entire globe. GIS integrates hardware, soware and data for capturing,
managing, analysing and displaying various forms of geographically
referenced information [13].
e observatory aims to support improved management of natural
resources and sustainable development by producing reliable forest-
cover change information and building the capacity of public and
private conservation partners to use the latest satellite-based tools.
For many years, the Congo Basin was behind in using scientic data
from satellites to monitor the environment, especially the forest cover
change [13-15].
Conclusion
With forest management becoming increasingly complex, due
to greater environmental and social involvement and pressures, GIS
is likely to play an increasingly central role. Developments in greater
band width, web based technology and wireless communication will
provide much greater opportunities for information access even in
more remote areas. is will allow real time online data capture and
query in the eld.
Figure 1: Map showing the Nandi North forest zone [7].
Figure 2: Studies carried out by Wachiye [7].
Figure 3: Satellite imagery and land detection [7].
Citation: Sonti SH (2015) Application of Geographic Information System (GIS) in Forest Management. J Geogr Nat Disast 5: 145. doi:10.4172/2167-
0587.1000145
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Volume 5 • Issue 3 • 1000145
J Geogr Nat Disast
ISSN: 2167-0587 JGND, an open access journal
Figure 4: Aerial photographs and forest characterization [7].
e range of applications reviewed in this essay is clear evidence to
the signicant value of forests and the potential of GIS to aid in their
management. Despite the diversity of applications, however, a number
of broad conclusions can be reached about the role of GIS in forestry.
GIS applications can strongly benet from remote sensing and image
processing technologies. Forests are complex assembly of species that
lend themselves well to broad level inventory through remote sensing.
However, the need for strong ground truth remains vital and it is likely
that satellite positioning systems such as GPS will play an important
role in augmenting traditional forest survey activities.
Forests are a dynamic resource, aected by many coexisting
ecological processes and direct management interventions. Simulation
modelling has been applied in forestry to a degree that is substantially
higher than in many other disciplines. Simulation or process modelling
is one of the more challenging areas of GIS applications and it is likely
that this activity will increase as the research and tools to support this
kind of application become more prevalent. It is clear that throughout
the world, forests are subject to many demands. As a result, many forest
management problems have the nature of multi-objective planning
procedures. Stronger tools are necessary for the analytical resolution
of conicting suitability’s and choices in resource allocation. In a sense,
forestry applications embody the full scope of GIS technology. us its
study provides an excellent overview of the state of the technology and
its potential as a management tool for natural resource concerns.
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