Brooklyn Law Review Brooklyn Law Review
Volume 89 Issue 2 Article 7
3-4-2024
Artful Imbalance: How the US Tax Code and State Trust Laws Artful Imbalance: How the US Tax Code and State Trust Laws
Enable the Growth of Inequality Through High-Value Art Enable the Growth of Inequality Through High-Value Art
Collections Collections
Mimi Strauss
Follow this and additional works at: https://brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu/blr
Part of the Estates and Trusts Commons, Law and Economics Commons, Property Law and Real
Estate Commons, Taxation-Federal Commons, Taxation-Federal Estate and Gift Commons, Taxation-State
and Local Commons, and the Tax Law Commons
Recommended Citation Recommended Citation
Mimi Strauss,
Artful Imbalance: How the US Tax Code and State Trust Laws Enable the Growth of
Inequality Through High-Value Art Collections
, 89 Brook. L. Rev. 681 (2024).
Available at: https://brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu/blr/vol89/iss2/7
This Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at BrooklynWorks. It has been accepted
for inclusion in Brooklyn Law Review by an authorized editor of BrooklynWorks.
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