1
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International Conference Eco-Innovation in Science, Engineering, and Technology
Volume 2020
http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/nstp.2020.0536
How to cite:
Handoyo, & Wiraputra, A. F. (2020). Redesigning ergonomic vertical folding desk in an apartment room using
anthropometric approach. 1
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International Conference Eco-Innovation in Science, Engineering, and Technology. NST
Proceedings. pages 226-232. doi: 10.11594/ nstp.2020.0536
Conference Paper
Redesigning Ergonomic Vertical Folding Desk in an Apartment Room using
Anthropometric Approach
Handoyo*, Anindyo Fikri Wiraputra
Department of Industrial Engineering, Universitas Pembangunan Nasioanal “Veteran” Surabaya,
Indonesia
*Corresponding author:
ABSTRACT
The use of a desk is generally big and can only be used for learning and does
not have any additional functions; it causes the table to consume a lot of space
in a room. The occupancy of the vertical occupancy is minimal, given the nu-
merous availability. This design hopes to meet the needs of users who live in
a place with narrow areas such as apartments, boards, houses, and other liv-
ing rooms to do some activities related to the function of furniture that will
be designed. With the increasing interest of people living in apartments, it is
essential to consider furniture that will be used in a relatively narrow room.
Thus, it is needed to overcome the conditions of the confined room. This re-
search aims at redesigning an ergonomic and innovative folding desk in the
apartment room, to provide comfort in its users. In improving the folding
desk, it is hoped that this proposed folding desk will be more ergonomic and
can be used daily. The results show that the recommended size for the ergo-
nomic desk is 62 cm wide, 163 cm long, and 29 cm high; also, the recom-
mended size of the seat is 50 cm high.
Keywords: Redesigning, folding desk, ergonomic, anthropometric approach
E-mail: [email protected]
Introduction
A desk is an essential means of support in the process of human activities (Kristanto & Saputra,
2011). The use of desks are generally big and can only be used for learning and do not have other
additional functions. Hence, it spends much space in a room, whereas the wide occupancy in ver-
tical residences is very limited to consider its furniture. This design is expected to meet the needs
of users who live in residential areas with a narrow or limited area such as apartments, boarding
houses, flats, and other habitable spaces to perform several activities related to the function of
furniture to be designed (Raymondus, 2013).
The apartment itself has ten characteristics explained by Harianto (2014). Those characteris-
tics are built in more than two floors and are usually a vertical building, consists of some units on
one floor, flexible in achieving maximum utilization of space, efficient and effective also eco-
friendly, has shared facilities that are not necessarily owned by housing, generally, there are com-
mercial areas in the apartment building or environment, vertical circulation in the form of stairs
or lifts and horizontal circulation, security, peace, and privacy are guaranteed, easy and fast access
to reach existing facilities; also structures and building materials can last for a long time.
Look at to its function there are three functions of apartment, those are primary functions, as
a living place, secondary function which is added in an apartment to give comfort towards its pri-
mary function, and complementary function which supports the primary and secondary functions
(Eka, et al., 2016). Besides, there are four types based on the apartment unit. Those are studio, a
family apartment consisting of one, two, or three rooms, loft, and penthouse (Cahyaningtyas &
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Rahardjo, 2016). Based on its building mass shape, an apartment can be classified into two cate-
gories; those are slab apartment and tower apartment (Utami, et al., 2015).
In conducting this study, the researchers use an anthropometry approach to redesign the
folding desk used in the apartment. Harrianto (2010) confirms that anthropometry is the meas-
urements of the human body naturally both in carrying out static activities (actual size) and dy-
namic (adjusted to work). Anthropometry data preparation needs to pay attention to variability
because several factors affect the size of the human body (Jennie, et al., 2017). Herawati & Pawitra
explains (2013) anthropometric data, which is used as a basis for product design are gener-
ally grouped into two types, namely static anthropometry (structural) and dynamic anthropome-
try (functional).
The application of anthropometric data can be made if the average standard (mean) and
standard deviation (SD) are available from a normal distribution (Nurrohman & Yohanes, 2017).
There are three principles in the use of those terms, namely the design of facilities based on ex-
treme individuals, the design of facilities that can be adjusted, and the design of facilities based on
the average size of the user (Pranindo & Nurkertamanda, 2013).
The design of work equipment based on anthropometric data of the user aims to reduce the
level of work fatigue, improve work performance and minimize the potential for work accidents
(Jennie, et al., 2017). The product design itself is divided into seven steps that each have their
method. The seven steps are purpose classification, function determination, needs arrangement,
characteristics determination, improvement details, alternative construction, and alternative
evaluation (Priyatna & Wiyancoko, 2014). Furthermore, product development is a series of activ-
ities that begin with the analysis of perceptions and opportunities, then end with the stages of
production, sales, and delivery (Ulrich & Epinger, 2001).
Based on the condition mentioned above, the researcher tries to redesign an ergonomic fold-
ing desk to fit in the limited space in the apartment. The ergonomics discipline, in particu-
lar, will learn the limitations of the human ability to interact with technology and homemade
products (Raymondus, 2013). There are four main objectives of ergonomics, namely maximizing
employee efficiency, improving work health and safety, encouraging work safely, comfortable and
vibrant, and maximizing work form.
It is also essential to have data homogeneity since it cannot be inserted in the next calculation
if the data are not equal. Hence, the data should be tested to meet the requirement. The data also
should be adequate to be calculated to avoid data retake. If N’ < N so that the data are considered
adequate to be measured. On the other hand, if N’ > N so that the data are less adequate to be
calculated. Meaning that the data retake necessary to do. To distribute the data, it needs a normal
distribution with the formula of the bell-shaped symmetric towards x = μ. This normal distribution
or normal curve is also called Gauss distribution with the following formula, where:
2
Research Method
This study was conducted at Menara Rungkut City Surabaya in January 2019 until the re-
quired data was sufficient. The variables in this study are folding desk as a bound variable and
anthropometric data, desk design, and questionnaire as an independent variable. The researchers
also used a questionnaire to provide easiness to respondents in giving opinions and answering
questions since it is provided with some options to be chosen (Bimo, 2010). Problem-solving steps
that can be taken in this study to get the results or solutions from the research to be carried out
from beginning to end.
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Result and Discussion
After investigating the data, the researcher classified 40 users who live in Menara Rungkut
Apartment Surabaya based on their Hand Reach (HR), Hand Span (HS), and Elbow Height (EH) as
it is shown in the table below:
Table 1. User anthropometric data
Number of user
Body Dimension (cm)
HR
HS
EH
1
73
180
37
2
72
187
34
3
76
189
30
4
76
181
35
5
75
190
36
6
76
180
31
7
75
187
31
8
77
182
34
9
74
183
33
10
74
189
35
11
74
190
36
12
75
180
36
13
75
191
32
14
76
184
34
15
77
182
30
16
73
180
36
17
73
188
32
18
76
188
33
19
76
182
34
20
75
184
31
21
76
187
34
22
73
186
37
23
74
180
37
24
75
181
35
25
78
186
37
26
73
182
34
27
72
190
35
28
75
182
33
29
77
190
36
30
74
182
32
31
73
182
33
32
75
181
35
33
76
181
32
34
76
187
37
35
75
184
37
36
75
182
34
37
76
190
31
38
77
185
34
39
73
189
34
40
72
185
36
∑X
2915
7389
1363
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Initial Desk Design
The initial table design in Menara Rungkut apartment can be seen in the following picture:
Figure 1. Initial desk design
In the figure displayed above, the desk height 50 cm high, the desk width is 40 cm wide, and
the desk length is 60 cm long.
Proposed desk design
Data homogeneity test
Based on the chart of data homogeneity test of the apartment users, the results shown in the
following table:
Table 2. The result of data homogeneity test
Body Di-
mension
BKA
(cm)
BKB
(cm)
x (cm)
∑X (cm)
Minimal
Data
Maximal
Data
Notes
HR
86.07
56.67
72.87
6.6
72
78
Homogen
HS
210.34
159.1
184.72
12.81
180
191
Homogen
EH
42.47
25.67
34.07
4.2
30
37
Homogen
Data adequacy test
By applying a 5% level of accuracy, 95% eligibility rate, the data adequacy test shown below:
The value of k = 2 and the value of s = 0 , 05
If N '≤ N then the data is adequate to do the design
If N '≥ N then the data is not enough to do the design
The data from the measurement result is sufficient to design the product. The following table
is the result of the data adequacy test.
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Table 3. The result of the data adequacy test
No.
Body Dimension
N
N’
Notes
1
Hand Reach (HR)
40
0.0064
Adequate data
2
Hand Span (HS)
40
0.0009
Adequate data
3
Elbow Height (EH)
40
0.0324
Adequate data
Determining the Percentile
Here the researchers determined the size desk by adjusting the percentile.
Determine the width of the table
HR of the desk = -
(SD) = 72,87 – 1,645(6,6) = 62 cm
The width of the recommended desk is 62 cm wide
Determine the length of the table
HS of the desk = -
(SD) = 184,72 – 1,654(12,81) = 163 cm
The length of the recommended desk is 163 cm long
Determine the height of the table
EH of the desk = Tolerance = 24,17 + 5 = 29 cm
The height of the recommended desk is 39.07 cm high
Planning the design of recommended folding desk
The proposed folding desk for users at age 19-40 years was 62 cm wide for the desk width,
163 cm long for the desk length, 29 cm high for the desk height, and 50 cm high for recommended
seat height.
Table 4. The result of the questionnaire towards the recommended folding desk
No.
Attribute
Criteria
To-
tal
1
2
3
4
5
1
The desk height is suitable with sitting position
-
-
13
20
7
40
2
The desk width is suitable with the user’s hand span to
front
-
-
17
18
5
40
3
The desk length is suitable with the user’s hand span to
the side
-
-
9
25
6
40
4
The desk material is durable and safe for the users
-
-
19
14
7
40
5
The flexibility when it is not used
-
-
-
24
16
40
6
The desk is having some functions
-
-
8
22
10
40
Total
-
-
66
125
55
240
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The table above is the result of the questionnaire, which is responded by forty occupants liv-
ing in Menara Rungkut Apartment, Surabaya. By applying the analysis of the data analysis, the
proposed folding desk can be seen in the following figure:
Figure 2. The proposed folding desk design in the apartment
Compare to the initial desk design, the proposed folding desk design is much more appro-
priate for people living in the apartment since the size is adequate, safe, and healthy to its us-
ers. The comparison between the initial design and proposed design is shown in the following
table:
Table 5. The result of the questionnaire of the initial design
No.
Attribute
Criteria
Total
1
2
3
4
5
1
The desk height is suitable with sitting posi-
tion
24
11
5
-
-
40
2
The desk width is suitable with the user’s
hand span to front
-
19
11
10
-
40
3
The desk length is suitable with the user’s
hand span to the side
10
14
16
-
-
40
4
The desk material is durable and safe for the
users
-
15
17
8
-
40
5
The flexibility when it is not used
14
11
8
7
-
40
6
The desk is having some functions
21
18
1
-
-
40
Total
69
88
58
25
-
240
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Table 6. The result of questionnaire of the proposed design
No.
Attribute
Criteria
Total
1
2
3
4
5
1
The desk height is suitable with sitting posi-
tion
-
-
13
20
7
40
2
The desk width is suitable with the user’s
hand span to front
-
-
17
18
5
40
3
The desk length is suitable with the user’s
hand span to the side
-
-
9
25
6
40
4
The desk material is durable and safe for the
users
-
-
19
14
7
40
5
The flexibility when it is not used
-
-
-
24
16
40
6
The desk is having some functions
-
-
8
22
10
40
Total
-
-
66
125
55
240
Conclusion
The results showed that an ergonomic folding desk design is the design that has 62 cm wide,
163 cm long, and 29 cm high. Besides that, the seat height should have 50 cm high. Besides, this
desk has several storage functions under the desk pad that are used to store books, stationery,
dining places, luggage, and other equipment that support learning activities at school, as well as
the legs that can be folded when not in use. Thus, its wide use needs to be considered.
Acknowledgment
This research will not be accomplished without the support of the rector, the dean of the in-
dustrial engineering department, my research partner, Anindyo, also my daughter, who helped
this paper to be translated.
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