The US Air Force CRM Program Meets the Challenges of Digital Data Curation: A Case Study Using tDAR
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containing the files may be simply stored on a shelf or printed, inhibiting data discovery,
accessibility, and use, thereby adding to data management problems.
Meeting the Digital Data Management and Curation Challenges with tDAR
In 2010, AF cultural resources subject matter experts, Dr. James Wilde and Dr. Paul Green (now
retired), began to consider whether and how use of tDAR (the Digital Archaeological Record;
www.tdar.org; McManamon et al. 2010; 2017) could help the AF meet its responsibilities for
data management and sharing. These responsibilities are required by the National Historic
Preservation Act, the Archaeological Resource Protection Act, and the regulations of the
National Archives and Records Administration (Cultural Heritage Partners 2012).
The Digital Archaeological Record (tDAR) is a digital archive and repository designed to curate
archaeological and cultural heritage documents, images, datasets, and other digital files. Users
of tDAR can search for these materials from archaeological and cultural heritage projects
throughout the world. Users who want to preserve and share their data can easily upload a
wide variety of digital file types in tDAR. Curating data in tDAR offers broader and easier access
to data and sharing for future uses, such as resource analysis and evaluation for decision-
making, background studies, public interpretation and outreach, project management, and
research. In tDAR, the documents and other data are linked to metadata, which allows the
information to be searchable by time period, culture, study type, location, and a variety of
other kinds of information. Metadata and files in tDAR also are interactive. Records are updated
easily and contacts for each file can be easily reached via the tDAR website’s native email
application for further information. After careful investigation, AF experts determined the
ready access, preservation, and ease of use provided by tDAR perfectly met their needs.
In 2011, the AF Civil Engineering Center (AFCEC) and cultural resource management (CRM)
program partnered with Geomarine Associates (Duane Peter and Michelle Wurtz-Penton,
project managers) and the Arizona State University (ASU) Center for Digital Antiquity
(www.digitalantiquity.org; Digital Antiquity), which develops and manages the tDAR repository,
to develop methods and procedures that would address the access, management, and
preservation of digital data at AF installations nationwide. CRM staffs at three AF bases (Dyess
AFB in Texas, Shaw AFB in South Carolina, and Avon Park AF Range in Florida) agreed to host
pilot projects that would test whether and how utilizing tDAR could help the AF meet its data
management needs. At the beginning of the project, the bases involved did not possess a
systematic method to sufficiently curate information from past archaeological investigations or
the cultural resources on their bases. For example, in some instances the records,
documentation, and data were scattered among several locations and in differing formats. In
addition to this, much of the documentation was still curated only as paper copies, physical
media, or in a non-preservation-standard software. Proper curation of data and records is
essential to maintaining a link among the projects, physical artifact collections, including
associated paper documents, and other efforts documentation. The digital archiving done in
the pilot projects followed the guidelines and steps for digital data curation described by the