L. Sweeney, Simple Demographics Often Identify People Uniquely. Carnegie Mellon University, Data
Privacy Working Paper 3. Pittsburgh 2000.
Sweeney Page 13
State AUnder12
12to18
19to24
25to34
35to44
45to54 A55to64
65Plus
AL 4,040,587 699,554 425,425 369,639 652,466 585,299 422,565 363,033 522,606
AK 544,698 123,789 53,662 46,478 111,790 101,699 55,887 29,236 22,157
AZ 3,665,228 678,439 352,557 333,055 639,702 530,192 354,711 299,372 477,200
AR 2,350,725 410,665 246,486 197,424 361,268 328,397 244,096 212,573 349,816
CA 29,755,274 5,436,303 2,722,076 2,904,739 5,738,645 4,645,553 2,955,455 2,231,171 3,121,332
CO 3,293,771 599,278 305,595 282,268 617,333 570,797 340,276 249,924 328,300
CT 3,287,116 517,724 275,158 295,271 588,185 509,760 360,488 294,866 445,664
DE 666,168 113,963 58,980 64,726 119,782 100,110 68,367 59,570 80,670
DC 606,900 80,760 45,404 71,605 122,777 94,984 62,648 51,050 77,672
FL 12,686,788 1,931,088 1,041,486 1,010,156 2,102,614 1,778,994 1,283,728 1,235,820 2,302,902
GA 6,478,847 1,171,969 659,386 623,625 1,182,367 1,014,579 678,987 495,259 652,675
HI 1,108,229
195,278 98,594 104,537 203,466 178,406 109,493 93,778 124,677
ID 1,006,749 207,979 115,708 81,770 154,087 149,338 98,910 77,819 121,138
IL 11,429,942 2,012,780 1,102,499 1,021,458 2,003,217 1,702,509 1,179,345 974,035 1,434,099
IN 5,543,954 975,582 568,654 510,374 919,924 819,577 572,585 481,329 695,929
IA 2,776,442 487,879 271,630 240,359 430,947 397,287 272,959 249,594 425,787
KS 2,474,885 457,755 236,911 216,092 416,003 363,571 234,451 208,146 341,956
KY 3,673,969 626,236 383,356 337,585 610,721 549,204 380,791 320,712 465,364
LA 4,219,973 836,481 458,677 387,821 710,773 606,119 412,186 340,483 467,433
ME 1,226,626 210,082 117,015 104,754 205,713 194,139 123,745 108,198 162,980
MD 4,771,143 812,147 409,957 431,840 901,956 774,414 528,246 395,946 516,637
MA 6,011,978 933,306 506,033 613,116 1,104,645 914,852 605,951 514,398 819,677
MI 9,295,222 1,671,777 930,841 850,016
1,583,364 1,408,199 950,316 793,711 1,106,998
MN 4,370,288 815,963 409,705 377,084 783,562 666,480 428,315 343,315 545,864
MS 2,573,216 495,074 298,599 240,546 403,754 351,197 249,684 213,117 321,245
Figure 8 Population by state and age group, part 1
State AUnder12
12to18
19to24
25to34
35to44
45to54 A55to64
65Plus
MO 5,113,266 897,590 490,067 436,468 855,640 734,252 524,756 457,095 717,398
MT 799,065 150,406 83,457 57,351 123,913 128,067 81,522 67,930 106,419
NE 1,577,600 294,659 156,790 130,613 259,709 229,478 148,720 134,711 222,920
NV 1,201,833 208,695 100,891 102,609 223,599 192,324 138,893 107,621 127,201
NH 1,109,252 195,970 98,977 100,411 205,815 183,649 111,387 88,059 124,984
NJ 7,730,188 1,217,936 681,960 664,059 1,366,267 1,200,167 850,983 718,589 1,030,227
NM 1,515,069 307,898 160,598 123,983 259,975 229,577 149,712 120,808 162,518
NY 17,990,026 2,891,618 1,615,696 1,664,461 3,148,965 2,720,452 1,944,539 1,642,487 2,361,808
NC 6,628,637 1,074,691 637,603 662,849 1,152,229 1,008,277 705,099 585,832 802,057
ND 637,713 119,767 65,036 57,151 104,833 90,808 56,215 53,132 90,771
OH 10,846,581 1,899,661 1,064,732 957,750 1,805,063 1,619,291 1,115,355 978,701 1,406,028
OK 3,145,585
563,941 318,809 267,411 514,663 452,308 326,770 278,089 423,594
OR 2,842,321 495,834 265,630 225,488 455,371 476,343 297,101 235,423 391,131
PA 11,881,643 1,892,957 1,074,128 1,041,626 1,918,168 1,739,212 1,224,867 1,160,974 1,829,711
RI 1,003,211 155,439 86,271 102,680 174,149 146,571 97,958 89,156 150,987
SC 3,486,703 616,373 363,140 339,600 596,534 526,103 357,747 291,077 396,129
SD 695,133 137,110 71,070 56,976 109,919 96,063 61,962 59,623 102,410
TN 4,896,046 812,832 484,155 452,701 823,042 740,485 530,654 433,773 618,404
TX 16,984,748 3,320,887 1,776,426 1,578,004 3,118,515 2,548,657 1,649,538 1,284,825 1,707,896
UT 1,722,850 430,959 226,933 167,637 275,853 224,715 139,656 107,405 149,692
VT 562,758 99,365 53,099 53,049 95,880 92,804 57,274 45,118 66,169
VA 6,184,493 1,030,088 564,690 616,835 1,147,609 991,563 670,457 500,955 662,296
WA 4,866,692 878,141 444,693 417,468
861,441 804,413 504,238 380,725 575,573
WV 1,792,969 279,885 192,881 148,808 262,961 270,784 191,957 176,960 268,733
WI 4,891,452 887,426 472,270 437,743 825,056 726,753 478,819 412,492 650,893
WY 453,588 92,123 49,716 33,980 75,462 74,182 45,541 35,539 47,045
USA 248,418,140 43,454,102 23,694,112 22,614,049 43,429,692 37,582,954 25,435,905 21,083,554 31,123,772
Figure 9 Population by state and age group, part 2
Different experiments have different age and geographic attributes. See Figure 11 for a
list of all 13 experiments identified as A through M. So, Q
dob
and Z
i
, as used above, are
representative of several quasi-identifiers that have varying specifications. In experiment B
through experiment E, Z
i
∈{ZIP codes in USA in which people reside}. In experiment F through
experiment I, Z
i
∈{Cities, municipalities, towns and recognized post office names in the USA}.
Finally, in experiment J through experiment M, Z
i
∈{Counties in the USA}. Similarly, in
experiments B, F, and J, Q
dob
= {date of birth, gender}. In experiments C, G and K, Q
dob
=
{month and year of birth, gender}. In experiments D, H and L, Q
dob
= {year of birth, gender}.
Finally, in experiments E, I and M, Q
dob
= {2 year age subdivision, gender}.