Advisory
U.S. Department
of Transportation
Federal Aviation
Circular
Administration
Subject:Currency Requirements and Date: 4/30/12 AC No: 61-98B
Guidance for the Flight Review
Initiated by: AFS-800
Change:
and Instrument Proficiency Check
FOREWORD
This advisory circular (AC) provides information for certificated pilots and flight instructors to
use in complying with the flight review required by Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations
(14 CFR) part 61, § 61.56 and the recent flight experience requirements of § 61.57. This AC is
particularly directed to General Aviation (GA) pilots holding sport or higher grades of pilot
certificates who wish to maintain currency and to certificated flight instructors (CFI) who give
flight instruction to support such activities. This AC does not apply to training programs or
proficiency checks conducted pursuant to 14 CFR part 121 or 135, nor to curriculums approved
pursuant to 14 CFR part 142.
John M. Allen
Director, Flight Standards Service
/s/ for
4/30/12 AC 61-98B
CONTENTS
Paragraph Page
CHAPTER 1. GENERAL
1-1. Purpose...........................................................................................................................1
1-2. Cancellation ...................................................................................................................1
1-3. Related CFR Sections ....................................................................................................1
1-4 Focus..............................................................................................................................1
1-5. Related Reading Materials.............................................................................................1
1-6. Background....................................................................................................................1
1-7. Personal Currency Program ...........................................................................................2
CHAPTER 2. RECENT FLIGHT EXPERIENCE
2-1. Recent General Experience............................................................................................5
2-2. Recent Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) Experience.........................................................6
CHAPTER 3. FLIGHT REVIEW
3-1. Structure and the Intent of the Flight Review................................................................7
3-2. Pre-Review Considerations............................................................................................7
3-3. Planning and Recording the Review..............................................................................9
3-4. Post-Review Considerations ........................................................................................11
CHAPTER 4. INSTRUMENT PROFICIENCY CHECK
4-1. Structuring and Instrument Proficiency Check (IPC)..................................................13
4-2. IPC – Knowledge Portion ............................................................................................14
4-3. IPC – Skill Portion.......................................................................................................15
4-4. Post-IPC Considerations and Recordkeeping ..............................................................15
APPENDIX 1. SAMPLE CERTIFICATED FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR’S FLIGHT
REVIEW CHECKLIST (1 page) .........................................................................1
APPENDIX 2. REGULATORY REVIEW GUIDE (2 pages) ...................................................1
APPENDIX 3. SAMPLE PILOT’S PERSONAL AERONAUTICAL GOALS (1 page)........1
APPENDIX 4. SAMPLE AIRPLANE PILOT’S PROFICIENCY PRACTICE PLAN
(1 page)....................................................................................................................1
APPENDIX 5. SAMPLE FLIGHT REVIEW CHECKLIST (2 pages)....................................1
APPENDIX 6. SAMPLE PILOT’S INSTRUMENT EXPERIENCE SUMMARY (1 page)..1
APPENDIX 7. SAMPLE INSTRUMENT TRAINING AND PROFICIENCY PLAN
(1 page)....................................................................................................................1
APPENDIX 8. SAMPLE CERTIFICATED FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR’S INSTRUMENT
PROFICIENCY CHECK CHECKLIST (2 pages).............................................1
APPENDIX 9. RESOURCES (1 page).........................................................................................1
Page iii (and iv)
4/30/12 AC 61-98B
CHAPTER 1. GENERAL
1-1. PURPOSE. This advisory circular (AC) provides information for certificated pilots and
flight instructors to use in complying with the flight review required by Title 14 of the Code of
Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 61, § 61.56 and the recent flight experience requirements of
§ 61.57.
1-2. CANCELLATION. This AC cancels AC 61-98A, Currency and Additional Qualification
Requirements for Certificated Pilots, current edition. You can now find information on transition
training in the current edition of FAA-H-8083-3, Airplane Flying Handbook.
1-3. RELATED CFR SECTIONS:
• Section 61.189, Flight instructor records.
• Section 61.193, Flight instructor privileges.
• Section 61.195, Flight instructor limitations and qualifications.
• Section 61.413, What are the privileges of my flight instructor certificate with a sport
pilot rating?
• Section 61.415, What are the limits of a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot
rating?
1-4. FOCUS. This AC is for General Aviation (GA) pilots holding sport or higher grades of
pilot certificates who wish to maintain currency and to certificated flight instructors (CFI) who
give flight instruction to support such activities.
1-5. RELATED READING MATERIALS. You should discuss the practical test standards
(PTS) document(s) appropriate to the certificates and ratings held by the pilot seeking a flight
review during or prior to the review. You can find additional information regarding original pilot
certification and addition of category, class, and type ratings in AC 61-65, Certification: Pilots
and Flight and Ground Instructors, current edition. AC 61-107, Operations of Aircraft at
Altitudes Above 25,000 Feet MSL and/or Mach Numbers (Mmo) Greater than .75, current
edition, provides information on operation of high altitude aircraft. Guidance on advanced
training criteria that is available in AC 61-89, Pilot Certificates: Aircraft Type Ratings, current
addition, may also be appropriate. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), commercial
sources, and industry associations such as the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA),
the General Aviation Manufacturer’s Association (GAMA), and the Society of Aviation and
Flight Educators (SAFE) make many additional sources of media on pilot currency and
qualification available.
1-6. BACKGROUND.
a. Regulatory Review. In 1997, the FAA initiated a major regulatory review and update
of 14 CFR parts 61 and 141to ensure that these regulations conformed to the then-current
technological and operational environment and to address future pilot certification needs. That
was the last major review of those regulations.
Par 1-1 Page 1
AC 61-98B 4/30/12
(1) The initial phases of the regulatory review addressed regulations requiring priority
action by the FAA as a result of National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) recommendations
and other factors. These recommendations addressed requirements such as the flight review
required by § 61.56.
(2) That AC provided additional information for pilots and flight instructors to use in
accomplishing flight reviews, but did not address specific maneuvers and procedures, which
pilots should consider for various categories and classes of aircraft. Many comments cited a need
for additional FAA guidance material regarding pilot certification and currency that would
enable the GA public to comply with present currency regulations and to tailor currency
programs to individual pilot needs. The comments also cited a need for increased uniformity in
the conduct of currency programs.
b. Previous Edition of AC 61-98. In 1987, the FAA issued AC 61-98, Scope and Content
of the Biennial Flight Review. That AC provided additional information for pilots and flight
instructors to use in accomplishing flight reviews, but did not address specific maneuvers and
procedures, which should be considered for various categories and classes of aircraft. In addition,
the original intention of AC 61-98 was not to cover other currency regulations or transition
training requirements for pilots who had already received certification. The material previously
contained in AC 61-98 is available in Chapter 2.
c. GA Pilots. As a result of initiatives designed to encourage voluntary compliance with
existing regulations and to maintain and further improve the GA safety record with a minimum
of new regulations, the FAA has determined that updated advisory guidance is necessary with
respect to the currency and qualification needs of GA pilots. The guidance contained in this
version of AC 61-98 provides such information and accomplishes the goals of the flight review
and other currency requirements.
1-7. PERSONAL CURRENCY PROGRAM.
a. Currency Criteria. Pilots should design a currency program tailored to their individual
operating environments and needs. In some cases, pilots may integrate currency criteria with
normal operations to reduce the need for separate currency flights. For example, pilots could
incorporate additional takeoffs and landings or specialized takeoffs and landings (such as short
or soft field) into a previously-scheduled flight. In most cases, pilots should consider the need for
currency beyond that specified by the 14 CFR.
b. FAA Safety Team (FAASTeam). The FAA highly encourages pilots to participate in
the FAASTeam’s Pilot Proficiency Program (WINGS), which includes numerous forms of
training media such as online programs and recommended topics for pilots to review with CFIs.
Additionally the FAASTeam conducts safety seminars which are open to the public.
c. Aviation Publications and Commercially-Developed Materials. Pilots should also
explore the wide range of publications and other commercially-developed materials available for
use in personal currency programs. To ensure staying up to date in regulatory changes and flying
techniques, the FAA also encourages pilots to regularly read aviation periodicals.
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4/30/12 AC 61-98B
d. Sources for Developing a Personal Currency Program. For assistance in developing
a personal currency program, pilots may consult a wide variety of sources. These sources
include:
• Pilot examiners,
• Pilot schools,
• Individual CFIs,
• FAASTeam Program Managers, and
• FAASTeam representatives.
NOTE: For information on local sources, pilots should contact the
FAASTeam Program Manager at the nearest FAA Flight Standards District
Office (FSDO).
Par 1-7 Page 3 (and 4)
4/30/12 AC 61-98B
CHAPTER 2. RECENT FLIGHT EXPERIENCE
2-1. RECENT GENERAL EXPERIENCE. Section 61.57(a) and (b) specifies the minimum
requirements for recent flight experience, specifically takeoffs and landings, in each category and
class of aircraft in order to act as pilot in command (PIC) of an aircraft carrying passengers.
a. Requirements Specified in § 61.57(a) and (b). Pilots should regard these requirements
as minimums that should be modified to address factors such as overall pilot experience,
different operating environments, complexity of the facilities used, and variations in makes and
models of aircraft within specific categories and classes. For example, a pilot may meet recent
flight experience in a given make and model of aircraft but may have operated only in light or
moderate wind conditions from airports with long runways. The pilot should consider acquiring
additional takeoff and landing experience in stronger wind conditions or at airports with short
runways before acting as PIC of an aircraft carrying passengers in similar conditions. Under
some circumstances, the change in the customary operating environment may be great enough
that the pilot should seek flight instruction or refresher training before attempting solo
operations.
b. Basic Currency and Recent Flight Experience. There are many excellent sources of
information available to pilots who wish to enhance currency under a variety of conditions. The
FAA recommends that all pilots participate in WINGS, which provides online courses, seminars,
and guided flight training; and take advantage of free online safety courses such as those offered
by the AOPA Air Safety Foundation.
c. Night Currency Requirements. Night currency requirements deserve additional
consideration. The night experience of most pilots represents only a small portion of their total
flight experience. The impact of marginal weather conditions on night operations is so significant
that pilots should evaluate their own need for both increased currency and additional planning
when contemplating flights under unfavorable conditions at night.
d. Obtaining Currency for each Make and Model. Special considerations apply when
pilots operate aircraft makes and models they do not customarily fly. Analysis of accident data
has shown that accident rates increase for pilots with little or no time-in-type in the aircraft
flown. Section 61.31(e) specifies additional experience requirements for operating high
performance aircraft. For non-high performance small aircraft, basic currency requirements of
§ 61.57(a) and (b) apply only to category and class. For example, a pilot who meets the
requirement in a Cessna 152 would also meet the requirement in a Cessna 172. However, the
FAA recommends that pilots attain currency in each separate make and model before conducting
passenger-carrying operations. This currency should include familiarity with the pilot’s operating
handbook (POH), the Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM), and/or any other available information on
that aircraft. The FAA recommends that all pilots obtain a comprehensive checkout in each make
and model aircraft from an appropriately-rated CFI. Airmen are encouraged to search for aircraft
‘clubs’ for information and familiarization on specific makes and models.
Par 2-1 Page 5
AC 61-98B 4/30/12
NOTE: Considerations regarding basic currency apply not only to
single-engine land airplanes but to other categories and classes of aircraft,
including multiengine aircraft, seaplanes, gliders, helicopters, gyroplanes,
and free balloons.
2-2. RECENT INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES (IFR) EXPERIENCE. In accordance with
§ 61.57, pilots may complete the six required approaches and holding procedures, intercepting
and tracking (all aircraft except gliders) in a ground trainer, level 3-or-below flight training
device (FTD), or Aviation Training Device (ATD) that meets the requirements of § 61.4 (refer to
the current edition of AC 61-136, FAA Approval of Basic Aviation Devices (BATD) and
Advanced Aviation Training Devices (AATD)).
NOTE: In order to receive flight training credit in FTDs qualified by the
National Simulator Program Manager (NSPM) at levels 4 or above, or full
flight simulators, such devices must be used pursuant to a curriculum
approved under 14 CFR part 121, 135, or 142.
Page 6 Par 2-1
4/30/12 AC 61-98B
CHAPTER 3. FLIGHT REVIEW
3-1. STRUCTURE AND INTENT OF THE FLIGHT REVIEW. With the increasing
complexity of the aviation operating environment, CFIs may want more specific guidance on
how to structure and plan a flight review and develop contents that are specific to the needs of
the pilot under review. The intention of the flight review is to be an industry-managed,
FAA-monitored currency program. The CFI must be aware that the flight review is not a test or
check ride, but an instructional service designed to assess and enhance a pilot’s knowledge and
skills.
a. Accomplishing a Flight Review. Under § 61.56(c) no person may act as PIC of an
aircraft unless within the preceding 24 calendar-months that person has accomplished a
satisfactory flight review in an aircraft for which that pilot is appropriately rated. An
appropriately-rated instructor or other designated person must conduct the flight review. The
purpose of the flight review is to provide for a regular evaluation of pilot skills and aeronautical
knowledge.
b. Completing WINGS (one or more phases). The FAA reminds pilots and CFIs that,
under § 61.56(e), a person who has satisfactorily completed one or more phases of the
FAA-sponsored WINGS within the preceding 24 calendar-months does not need to accomplish
the flight review requirements of this section. AC 61-91, WINGS Pilot Proficiency Program,
current edition, describes how CFIs should encourage pilots to participate in WINGS.
c. Completing Proficiency Checks and Ratings. Pilots and CFIs should be aware that,
under § 61.56(d), there is no requirement for pilots who have completed certain proficiency
checks and ratings within the preceding 24 calendar-months to accomplish a separate flight
review. These accomplishments include satisfactory completion of pilot proficiency checks
conducted by the FAA, an approved pilot check airman, a Designated Pilot Examiner (DPE), or a
U.S. Armed Force for a pilot certificate, rating, or operating privilege. However, the FAA
recommends that pilots consider also accomplishing a review under some of the following
circumstances. For example, a pilot with an Airplane Single-Engine Land (ASEL) rating may
have recently obtained a glider rating, but may still wish to consider obtaining a flight review in
a single-engine airplane if the appropriate 24-month period has nearly expired. When approached
by pilots seeking advice on such matters, CFIs should consider the factors described in the
following paragraphs.
3-2. PRE-REVIEW CONSIDERATIONS. Before undertaking the review, the CFI should
interview the pilot to determine the nature of his or her flying and operating requirements.
Elements to consider should include, but not be limited to, the following areas:
a. Type of Equipment Flown.
(1) Section 61.56(c)(1) states that to act as a PIC, a pilot must accomplish a flight
review in an aircraft for which that pilot is rated. A pilot might hold multiple ratings. In such
case, the pilot may take a flight review in any one of the aircraft for which he or she holds a
rating or operating privilege and they will have met the regulatory requirement for all aircraft for
which they hold a certificate and or rating. For example, a pilot who holds a private pilot
Par 3-1 Page 7
AC 61-98B 4/30/12
certificate with an ASEL rating and a commercial balloon certificate may take a flight review in
either aircraft and will have met the requirements of the rule for both. However, a pilot may not
take a flight review in an aircraft for which he or she does not hold a rating or operating
privilege. For example, that same ASEL rated pilot may not take a flight review in a Multiengine
Land (MEL) airplane if he or she does not hold an MEL airplane rating. A pilot who holds only a
sport pilot certificate may only take a flight review in a light sport aircraft for which he or she
holds an operational privilege. For example, a sport pilot who holds airplane privileges could not
take the flight review in a Cessna 172 since that airplane is not a light sport airplane and he or
she does not hold operating privileges for that airplane.
(2) The reviewed maneuvers and procedures will vary depending on the category, class,
and make and model of the aircraft used. For example, a review in a light multiengine aircraft
will be different from one conducted in a small, two-seat tailwheel aircraft that utilizes limited
instrumentation. The CFI may wish to recommend that the pilot complete the review in the
aircraft most commonly flown, or in a more complex make and model used if he or she regularly
flies several aircraft. The CFI may also wish to recommend that the pilot take a review in more
than one category/class of aircraft under certain circumstances. For example, a pilot with ASEL
and glider ratings may have flown only gliders in the last 2 years but is also contemplating flying
single-engine airplanes in the near future. If a CFI is approached by a pilot who requests a review
only in the glider, the CFI may wish to recommend an additional review by a qualified person in
a single-engine airplane before the pilot acts as PIC of a single-engine airplane.
b. Nature of Flight Operations. The CFI should consider the type of flying usually done
by the pilot before establishing the review plan for conducting his or her review. For example, a
pilot conducting long-distance flights between busy terminal areas may need a different review
than a pilot who usually flies in the local area from the same airport. The CFI should consider the
need for an in-depth review of certain subjects or procedures if the type of flight operations is
likely to change, or if other extenuating circumstances exist. For example, a pilot who normally
conducts only local flight operations may plan to begin flying to a location with Class B
airspace. Another pilot may only operate a two-seat aircraft without radio but will operate in
close proximity to Class B airspace. In both cases, the CFI should include Class B airspace
operating requirements and procedures in the flight review. This review should also include
pertinent revisions to operational regulations to ensure that the pilot has full knowledge of these
changes.
c. Amount and Recency of Flight Experience. The CFI should review the pilot’s
logbook to determine total flight time, time-in-type, and recency of experience in order to
evaluate the need for particular maneuvers and procedures in the review. For example, a pilot
who has not flown in several years may require an extensive review of basic maneuvers from the
PTS appropriate to that pilot’s certificate level. Pilots should pay particular attention to the
special-emphasis areas found in the PTS. The same pilot may also require a more extensive
review of 14 CFR part 91, including changes in airspace and other requirements. Another pilot
who is upgrading to a newer or faster airplane should receive more emphasis on knowledge of
aircraft systems and performance, or in cross-country procedures appropriate to a faster airplane.
Regardless of flight experience, the CFI should ensure that the review plan includes all areas in
which he or she determines that the pilot should receive training in order to operate safely.
Page 8 Par 3-2
4/30/12 AC 61-98B
In some cases, the CFI may wish to recommend that the pilot accomplishes a complete refresher
program.
d. Agreement on the Conduct of the Review. After completing the above analysis, the
CFI should review these considerations with the pilot and reach an understanding regarding how
he or she will conduct the review. The CFI may wish to provide the pilot with reading materials
or recommend publications for study before actually undertaking the flight review. The CFI
should also review the criteria for satisfactory completion of the review with the pilot.
e. Instructor Qualifications. Instructors should also consider their own experience and
qualifications in a given make and model aircraft prior to giving a review in that model. The CFI
conducting a flight review must hold a category, class, and (if appropriate) type rating on his or
her pilot certificate. Also, the instructor must have a category and class rating on his or her flight
instructor certificate or a sport instructor privilege in his or her logbook appropriate to the
aircraft in which he or she conducts the review. To conduct a flight review in a multiengine
airplane, the instructor must hold an airplane multiengine rating on their pilot and flight
instructor certificates. For aircraft in which the CFI is not current or with which he or she is not
familiar, he or she must obtain recent flight experience or sufficient knowledge of aircraft
limitations, characteristics, and performance before conducting the review. In any case, the CFI
must observe the rating limitations of § 61.195(b).
3-3. PLANNING AND RECORDING THE REVIEW. The CFI may wish to use FAA’s
online guidance available at www.faa.gov (see “Conducting an Effective Flight Review”) to
prepare, conduct, and document the flight review. Some of the material from this optional guide
appears in the appendices. After reaching an agreement on how the CFI will conduct the review,
he or she should prepare a plan for completing the review. The plan should include a list of
regulatory subjects that the CFI will cover, the maneuvers and procedures that the pilot will need
to accomplish, the anticipated sequence in which the segments will occur, and the location where
the CFI will perform the review. You can find a suggested plan format in Appendix 1. Although
not required by § 61.189, the CFI may wish to retain this plan for an appropriate time period as a
record of the scope and content of the review.
a. Review of Part 91 Operating and Flight Rules. The CFI should tailor the review of
general operating and flight rules to the needs of the pilot under review. The objective is to
ensure that the pilot can comply with all regulatory requirements and operate safely in various
types of airspace under an appropriate range of weather conditions. As a result, the CFI should
conduct a review that is broad enough to meet this objective, yet provide a more comprehensive
review in those areas in which the pilot’s knowledge is weaker. In the latter instance, the CFI
may wish to employ a variety of references/sources, such as the Aeronautical Information
Manual (AIM), to ensure that the pilot’s knowledge meets current standards.
b. Pilot Deviations (PD). The occurrence of incidents and PDs has emphasized the need
to ensure that all pilots receive adequate briefing on PD avoidance awareness. PDs are broadly
categorized as airborne or ground. Airborne PDs include altitude and heading deviations, and
airspace violations. Ground PDs include runway incursions and any other unauthorized operation
in the movement areas of an airport. Pilots should be familiar with all types of airspace, and
Par 3-2 Page 9
AC 61-98B 4/30/12
ground operating procedures, and best practices to avoid potential PDs. The flight review may be
the only regular proficiency and recurrency training experienced by some pilots. Therefore, CFIs
should place appropriate emphasis on this part of the review.
c. Review of Maneuvers and Procedures.
(1) The maneuvers and procedures covered during the review are those which, in the
opinion of the CFI conducting the review, are necessary for the pilot to perform in order to
demonstrate that he or she can safely exercise the privileges of his or her pilot certificate.
Accordingly, the CFI should evaluate the pilot’s skills and knowledge to the extent necessary to
ensure that he or she can safely operate within regulatory requirements throughout a wide range
of conditions. The CFI should always include abnormal and emergency procedures applicable to
the aircraft flown in the flight review.
(2) The CFI may wish to prepare a preliminary plan for the flight review based on an
interview or other assessment of the pilot’s qualifications and skills. See Appendix 1 for
suggested interview questions. Appendix 5 provides a sample CFI flight review checklist. The
CFI should outline a sequence of maneuvers to the pilot taking the review. For example, this may
include a cross-country flight to another airport with maneuvers accomplished while en route. It
could also include a period of simulated instrument flight time. The CFI should request that the
pilot conduct whatever preflight preparation is necessary to complete the planned flight. This
preparation should include all items required in part 91, § 91.103, such as checking weather,
calculating required runway lengths, calculating Weight and Balance (W&B), completing a
flight log, filing a flight plan, and conducting the preflight inspection.
(3) Before beginning the flight portion of the review, the CFI should discuss various
operational areas with the pilot. This oral review should include, but not be limited to, areas such
as aircraft systems, speeds, performance, meteorological and other hazards (e.g., windshear and
wake turbulence), operations in controlled airspace, and abnormal and emergency procedures.
The emphasis during this discussion should be on practical knowledge of recommended
procedures and regulatory requirements.
(4) Regardless of the pilot’s experience, the CFI may wish to review at least those
maneuvers considered critical to safe flight, such as stalls, slow flight, and takeoffs and landings.
Based on his or her in-flight assessment of the pilot’s skills, the CFI may wish to add other
maneuvers from the PTS appropriate to the pilot’s grade of certificate. All reviews should
include those areas within the PTS identified as “Special Emphasis.” Appendix 5 includes a list
of suggested maneuvers. The FAA does not intend this list to be all-inclusive, nor does it limit a
CFI’s discretion in selecting other appropriate maneuvers and procedures. To the greatest
possible extent, the CFI should organize and sequence the selected maneuvers in a realistic
scenario appropriate to the kind of flying normally done by the pilot.
(5) The role of the CFI during the review is to provide an evaluation. However, the
instructor is not limited to this role and may provide specific instruction to an airman on any
areas the instructor notes as being weak. This additional instruction does not preclude the pilot’s
successful completion of the review as long as the deficiencies are corrected. If the additional
instruction does not correct the deficiencies, and/or it becomes apparent to the instructor that
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4/30/12 AC 61-98B
additional flights will be necessary, the CFI should discuss the situation with the pilot and
proceed accordingly.
3-4. POST-REVIEW CONSIDERATIONS. Upon completion of the review, the CFI should
complete the summary and evaluation portion of the flight review checklist (if used) and debrief
the pilot. Whether or not the review was satisfactory, the CFI should provide the pilot with a
comprehensive analysis of his or her performance, including suggestions for improving any
weak areas. The current edition of FAA-H-8083-9, Aviation Instructor’s Handbook, chapter 5,
provides specific suggestions for conducting the postflight evaluation discussion as a
“collaborative critique.”
a. Unsatisfactory Completion of the Review. The FAA does not intend the flight review
to be a check ride. If the review is not satisfactory, the CFI should log the flight as “dual
instruction given” and not as a “failure.” The CFI should then recommend additional training in
the areas of the review that were unsatisfactory. A pilot who does not receive an endorsement for
a satisfactory flight review may continue to exercise the privileges of his or her certificate,
provided that a period of 24 calendar-months has not elapsed since the pilot’s last successful
flight review or pilot proficiency check.
b. Satisfactory Completion of the Review. When the applicant has successfully
completed the review, the CFI should endorse the pilot’s logbook to certify that the pilot has
satisfactorily accomplished the flight review. The CFI should make the endorsement for a
satisfactory review in accordance with AC 61-65. The flight and ground time must also be
logged in the pilot’s logbook in accordance with § 61.51(a)(1).
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CHAPTER 4. INSTRUMENT PROFICIENCY CHECK
4-1. STRUCTURING AN INSTRUMENT PROFICIENCY CHECK (IPC).
Section 61.57(d) outlines the conditions which require an IPC. This chapter provides guidance
on the conduct of the IPC. In addition, the CFI may wish to use the FAA’s optional online
guidance document available at www.faa.gov (see “Instrument Proficiency Check Guidance”), to
structure, conduct, and document the IPC. The appendices contain some of the material from the
optional IPC guidance document.
a. Instructor Requirements to Conduct an IPC. The CFI should possess an instrument
rating on their flight instructor certificate. The CFI should also possess an instrument rating and
meet currency requirements on their pilot certificate. The basis for these are found in
§§ 61.193(g) and 61.195(d) (6). For example, a comprehensive IPC in a multiengine airplane
includes demonstration of engine-out procedures, which requires a CFI who holds both
multiengine and instrument ratings on his or her pilot certificate.
NOTE: In addition to having the appropriate instructor ratings, the CFI
should consider other factors relating to his or her ability to conduct an IPC.
These include the factors discussed for the flight review as well as the
instructor’s own instrument currency.
b. Conducting an IPC. A CFI may conduct part or all of the IPC in an approved ground
trainer or level-3-or-below FTD that meets the requirements of § 61.4. If given in an aircraft
training device, that trainer must receive specific approval for such use, in writing, by the FAA
Administrator. Pilots or CFIs contemplating use of such a device for an IPC should contact their
local FSDO. Guidance on the applicability of specific devices to particular tasks is located in the
current edition of FAA-S-8081-4, Instrument Rating Practical Test Standards, appendix 2, and
the specific device approval document.
NOTE: In order to receive flight training credit in FTDs qualified by the
NSPM at levels 4 or above, or full flight simulators, such devices must be
used pursuant to a curriculum approved under part 121, 135, or 142.
c. Precheck Considerations. The CFI should structure an IPC in a manner similar to that
of the flight review, tailoring the check to the needs of the pilot with mutual agreement on the
scope of the check and a plan of action for accomplishing it.
(1) The CFI and pilot should discuss the operating conditions under which the CFI will
conduct the check. If the CFI conducts the check in an airplane, the check may be under visual
flight rules (VFR) or IFR in simulated instrument conditions, or it may be under IFR in actual
instrument conditions. If the CFI conducts the check under IFR, whether conditions are
simulated or actual, the CFI should ensure that the aircraft meets all part 91 requirements for
operating under IFR. Additionally, if the pilot receiving the check is no longer current under IFR,
the CFI should be aware that he or she must act as PIC during the flight and must meet IFR
currency requirements. In general, the FAA prefers an instrument proficiency check given under
VFR conditions. Conducting the review under VFR will effectively allow the instructor to add
variety to the check and to simulate possible emergency conditions. However, if the CFI
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AC 61-98B 4/30/12
conducts the check under VFR conditions, it is the CFI’s responsibility to constantly remain
vigilant to other aircraft throughout all phases of the flight.
(2) The Pilot’s Instrument Experience Summary in Appendix 6 is available to help the
CFI structure an appropriate ground review for the IPC. A table in FAA-S-8081-4 lists the
maneuvers required for successful completion of the IPC.
(3) As with the flight review, the CFI should develop a plan of action that uses realistic
scenarios to organize and sequence the required tasks and maneuvers. Appendix 8 contains a
sample plan for conducting the proficiency check. The CFI should also discuss crewmember
roles and responsibilities with the pilot.
4-2. IPC-KNOWLEDGE PORTION.
a. Determining the Pilot’s Knowledge. The CFI should determine that the pilot has
adequate knowledge and understanding of part 91, especially subpart B, Flight Rules; subpart C,
Equipment, Instrument, and Certificate Requirements; and subpart E, Maintenance, Preventive
Maintenance, and Alterations. Additionally, the CFI should determine that the pilot has adequate
knowledge and understanding of the following areas:
(1) Instrument en route and approach chart interpretation, including Standard
Instrument Departures (SID), Obstacle Departure Procedures (ODP), Standard Terminal Arrival
Routes (STAR), and Area Navigation (RNAV)/Global Positioning System (GPS)/wide area
augmentation system (WAAS) procedures.
(2) Obtaining and analyzing weather information, including knowledge of hazardous
weather phenomena such as icing and convective activity.
(3) Preflight planning, including aircraft performance, Notices to Airmen (NOTAM)
information (including temporary flight restrictions (TFR)), fuel requirements, alternate
requirements, and use of appropriate FAA publications such as the Airport/Facility Directory.
(4) Aircraft systems related to IFR operations, including appropriate operating methods,
limitations, and emergency procedures due to equipment failure.
(5) Aircraft flight instruments and navigation equipment, including characteristics,
limitations, operating techniques and emergency procedures due to malfunction or failure, such
as lost communications procedures.
(6) Determining the airworthiness of the aircraft for instrument flight, including
required inspections and documents.
(7) Air traffic control (ATC) procedures pertinent to flight under IFR with emphasis on
elements of ATC clearances and pilot/controller responsibilities.
b. Evaluation of the Pilot’s Skills. Following the discussion of the above subjects, the
CFI should ask the pilot to prepare for the skill portion of the IPC by completing the necessary
flight planning, obtaining current weather data, filing a flight plan, and conducting the preflight
Page 14 Par 4-1
4/30/12 AC 61-98B
Appendix 1
inspection. In order to fully evaluate the pilot’s skills under normal operating conditions, the CFI
may wish to have the pilot conduct a short IFR cross-country flight with at least part of the flight
conducted “in the system” under IFR.
4-3. IPC-SKILL PORTION. The maneuvers and procedures selected for the IPC must include
those listed in Rating Task Table in FAA-S-8081-4. The CFI conducting the IPC has the
discretion to require any other maneuver(s) necessary to determine that the pilot can safely
operate under IFR in a broad range of conditions appropriate to the aircraft flown and the ATC
environment selected. However, in any case, the CFI should pay particular attention to those
areas within the PTS identified as “Special Emphasis.” The CFI should emphasize proper
adherence to ATC clearances. Regardless of the maneuvers and procedures selected, the CFI
should ensure that the pilot demonstrates satisfactory basic attitude instrument flying skills. For
checks conducted in an airplane but not under actual instrument weather conditions, the CFI
should employ an appropriate view-limiting device to simulate instrument conditions. As an aid
to the CFI, Appendix 8 contains a sample CFI IPC checklist for conducting the IPC.
4-4. POST-IPC CONSIDERATIONS AND RECORDKEEPING. Upon completion of the
proficiency check, the CFI may wish to complete the summary and evaluation portion of the
checklist (if used) and debrief the pilot on the results of the check (satisfactory or unsatisfactory).
Regardless of the determination, the CFI should provide the pilot with a comprehensive analysis
of his or her performance, including suggestions for improving any weak areas. Chapter 5 of
FAA-H-8083-9 provides specific suggestions for conducting the postflight evaluation discussion
as a “collaborative critique.”
a. Unsatisfactory Performance. As with the flight review, the CFI should not endorse the
pilot’s logbook to reflect an unsatisfactory IPC. Rather, the CFI should log the session as “dual
instruction given.”
b. Satisfactory Performance. The endorsement for a satisfactory proficiency check
should be in accordance with AC 61-65. If the CFI uses the sample plan and checklist in
Appendix 8, then he or she may wish to retain the plan as a record of the scope and content of the
competency check, even though not required by § 61.189.
Par 4-2 Page 15 (and 16)
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4/30/12 AC 61-98B
Appendix 1
APPENDIX 1. SAMPLE CERTIFICATED FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR’S FLIGHT
REVIEW CHECKLIST
Step 1: Preflight Review Actions
Scheduling
Pilot’s aeronautical history
14 CFR part 91 review assignment
Cross-country flight plan assignment
Step 2: Ground Discussion
Regulatory review
Cross-country flight plan review
Risk management (RM) and personal
minimums
Step 3: Conducting the Flight
Physical aircraft (basic skills)
Mental aircraft (systems knowledge)
Aeronautical decisionmaking
Step 4: Postflight Discussion
Replay, reflect, reconstruct, redirect
Questions
Step 5: Aeronautical Health Maintenance
and Improvement Plan
Personal minimums checklist
Personal proficiency practice plan
Training plan (if desired)
Resources list
Sample Pilot’s Aeronautical History for
Flight Review
Pilot:_______________________________
Certificated flight instructor (CFI):________
Address:____________________________
Phone(s):____________________________
e-mail:______________________________
Pilot Certificate(s):
Private_________Commercial___________
Air transport pilot (ATP)_______________
Flight Instructor______________________
Ratings (not necessarily inclusive):
Instrument___Airplane Single-Engine Land
(ASEL)____Multiengine Land (MEL)_____
Lighter-than-air (LTA)_____
Rotorcraft____(etc.)
Experience (pilot):
Total time_______Last 6 months_________
Average hours/month__________________
Time Since last flight review____________
Since last instrument proficiency check
(IPC)_______________________________
Experience (aircraft):
Aircraft type(s) you fly_________________
Aircraft used most often________________
Total time______Last 6 months__________
Average hours/month__________________
Experience (flight environment):
Since your last flight review,
approximately how many hours have you
logged in:
Day visual flight rules (VFR)____________
Day instrument flight rules (IFR)_________
Instrument meteorological conditions (IMC)
Night VFR_________Night IFR_________
Mountainous/Overwater________________
Towered________Non-Towered_________
Type of Flying (external factors):
What percentage of your flying is for:
Pleasure_____Business______Local______
Cross country______
Personal Skills Assessment:
Strengths as a pilot?___________________
Areas for improvement?________________
Aviation goals?_______________________
Page 1 (and 2)
4/30/12 AC 61-98B
Appendix 2
APPENDIX 2. REGULATORY REVIEW GUIDE
Pilot
Experience. Recent flight experience (14 CFR part 61, § 61.57).
Responsibility:
• Authority (14 CFR part 91 § 91.3).
• Flightcrew members at station (§ 91.105).
• Preflight action (§ 91.103).
• Safety belts (§ 91.107).
• Air traffic control (ATC) instructions (§ 91.123).
Cautions:
• Careless or reckless operation (§ 91.13).
• Dropping objects (§ 91.15).
• Alcohol or drugs (§ 91.17).
• Supplemental oxygen (§ 91.211).
• Fitness for flight (Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) (chapter 8,
section 1)).
Aircraft
Airworthiness:
• Basic (§ 91.7).
• Flight manual, markings, and placards (§ 91.9).
• Certifications required (§ 91.203).
• Instrument and equipment requirements (§ 91.205).
• Emergency locator transmitter (ELT) (§ 91.207).
• Position lights (§ 91.209).
• Inoperative instruments and equipment (§ 91.213).
• Transponder requirements (§ 91.215).
Maintenance:
• Responsibility (§ 91.403).
• Maintenance required (§ 91.405).
• Operation after maintenance (§ 91.407).
• Maintenance records (§ 91.417).
Inspections:
• Annual, Airworthiness Directives (AD), 100 hours (§ 91.409).
• Altimeter and pitot static system (§ 91.411).
• Very high frequency Omnidirectional Range (VOR) check (§ 91.171).
• Transponder (§ 91.413).
• ELT (§ 91.207).
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AC 61-98B 4/30/12
Appendix 2
Airports:
• Markings (AIM (chapter 2, section 3)).
• Operations (AIM (chapter 4, section 3); §§ 91.125 and 91.126).
• Traffic Patterns (§ 91.126).
Airspace:
• Altimeter Settings (AIM (chapter 7, section 2); § 91.121).
• Minimum Safe Altitudes (§§ 91.119 and 91.177).
• Cruising Altitudes (AIM (chapter 3, section 1, paragraph 3-1-5);
§§ 91.159 and 91.179).
• Speed Limits (§ 91.117).
• Right of Way (§ 91.113).
• Formation (§ 91.111).
• Types of Airspace (AIM (chapter 3)).
• Controlled Airspace (AIM (chapter 3, section 2); §§ 91.129, 91.130,
91.131, and 91.135).
• Class G Airspace (AIM (chapter 3, section 3).
• Special Use (AIM (chapter 3, section 4); §§ 91.133, 91.137, 91.141.
91.143, and 91.145).
• Emergency Air Traffic Rules (AIM (chapter 5, section 6); § 91.139).
Air Traffic Control & Procedures:
• Services (AIM (chapter 4, section 1)).
• Radio Communications (AIM (chapter 4, section 2); Pilot/Controller
Glossary).
• Clearances (AIM (chapter 4, section 4)).
• Procedures (AIM (chapter 5)).
Weather:
• Meteorology (AIM (chapter 7, section 1)).
• Wake Turbulence (AIM (chapter 7, section 3)).
Personal Minimums Checklist.
Risk management (RM) (3-P model).
Practical test standards (PTS) Special Emphasis Items.
External
Environment
Pressures
Page 2
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_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
4/30/12 AC 61-98B
Appendix 3
APPENDIX 3. SAMPLE PILOT’S PERSONAL AERONAUTICAL GOALS
Pilot’s Name:__________________________CFI:____________________________
Date:_____________________________Review Date:_________________________
Training Goals
_________Certificate Level (Private, Commercial, air transport pilot (ATP))
_________Ratings (Instrument, Multiengine Land (MEL), Airplane Single Engine Sea
(ASES), Airplane Multiengine Sea (AMES), Rotorcraft, Glider, etc.)
_________Endorsements (high performance, complex, tailwheel, high altitude, etc.)
_________Phase in Pilot Proficiency Program (WINGS)
_________Instructor Qualifications (certificated flight instructor (CFI), CFI – instrument (CFII),
Multiengine Instructor, advanced ground instructor (AGI), instrument ground
instructor (IGI))
Other:________________________________________________________________________
Proficiency Goals
_________Lower personal minimums to:
__________ Ceiling
__________ Visibility
__________ Winds
__________ Precision approach minimums
__________ Non-precision approach minimums
_________Fly at least:
__________ Times per month
__________ Hours per month
__________ Hours per year
__________ Cross-country flights per year
__________ Night hours per month
_________Make a cross-country trip to:
Other:________________________________________________________________________
Aeronautical Training Plan
Page 1 (and 2)
4/30/12 AC 61-98B
Appendix 4
APPENDIX 4. SAMPLE AIRPLANE PILOT’S PROFICIENCY PRACTICE PLAN
Pilot’s Name:__________________________CFI:_______________________________
Date:___________________________Review Date:_____________________________
Visual Flight Rules (VFR) Flight Profile – Every 4-6 Weeks:
1. Preflight (include 3-P risk management process (RMP)) (refer to Appendix 9, Resources,
paragraph 5). Normal taxi, takeoff, departure to practice area.
CHAPS (before each maneuver):
• Clear the area.
• Heading established and noted.
• Altitude established (at least 3,000 above ground level (AGL)).
• Position near a suitable emergency landing area.
• Set power and aircraft configuration.
1. Steep turns (both directions), altitude within 100 feet and airspeed within 10 knots.
2. Power-off stalls (approach to landing) and recovery.
3. Power-on stalls (takeoff/departure) and recovery.
4. Ground reference maneuvers (600’ to 1000’ AGL).
5. Pattern practice:
• Normal landing (full flaps).
• Short-field takeoff and landing over a 50 feet obstacle.
• Soft-field takeoff and landing.
1. Secure the aircraft.
2. Review your performance.
3. Schedule next proficiency flight.
Page 1 (and 2)
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4/30/12 AC 61-98B
Appendix 6
APPENDIX 6. SAMPLE PILOT’S INSTRUMENT EXPERIENCE SUMMARY
Pilot:_______________________________
Certificated flight instructor (CFI):________
Address:____________________________
Phone(s):____________________________
e-mail:______________________________
Type of Pilot Certificate(s):
Private______________________________
Commercial__________________________
Air transport pilot (ATP)_______________
Flight instructor_______________________
Rating(s):
Instrument___________________________
Multiengine__________________________
Rotorcraft___________________________
Glider______________________________
Lighter-than-air (LTA)_________________
Experience (pilot):
Total time___________________________
Last 6 months________________________
Average hours/month__________________
Time logged since last instrument
proficiency check (IPC)________________
Experience (aircraft):
Aircraft type(s) you fly_________________
Aircraft used most often________________
For this aircraft:
Total time___________________________
Last 6 months________________________
Average hours/month__________________
Experience (flight environment):
Approximately how many hours logged in:
Day visual flight rules (VFR)____________
Day instrument flight rules (IFR)_________
Instrument meteorological conditions (IMC)
Night VFR___________________________
Night IFR___________________________
Approaches__________________________
Approaches to minimums_______________
Approaches in last 6 months_____________
Type of Flying (external factors):
What percentage of your flying is for:
Pleasure_____________________________
Business____________________________
Local___________Cross country_________
Personal Skills Assessment:
Strengths as a pilot?___________________
Areas for improvement?________________
Aviation goals?_______________________
Page 1 (and 2)
_____________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
4/30/12 AC 61-98B
Appendix 7
APPENDIX 7. SAMPLE INSTRUMENT TRAINING AND PROFICIENCY PLAN
Pilot’s Name:______________________________CFI:_________________________________
Date:_______________________________Review Date:_______________________________
Instrument Training Goals
_______ Certificate Level (Private, Commercial, air transport pilot (ATP))
_______ Ratings (Instrument, Multiengine Land (MEL), Airplane Single Engine Sea
(ASES), Airplane Multiengine Sea (AMES)
_______ Phase in Pilot Proficiency (Wings) Program
_______ Instructor Qualifications (certificated flight instructor (CFI), CFI – instrument (CFII),
multiengine instructor, advanced ground instructor (AGI), instrument ground
instructor (IGI))
Other:________________________________________________________________________
Instrument Proficiency Goals
_________Lower personal minimums to:
__________ Ceiling
__________ Visibility
__________ Winds
__________ Precision approach minimums
__________ Non-precision approach minimums
_________Fly instrument flight rules (IFR)/instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) at least:
__________ Times per month
__________ Hours per month
__________ Hours per year
__________ Cross-country flights per year
__________ Night hours per month
_________Make an IFR/IMC cross-country trip to:
Other:________________________________________________________________________
Aeronautical Training Plan
Page 1 (and 2)
4/30/12 AC 61-98B
Appendix 8
APPENDIX 8. SAMPLE CERTIFICATED FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR’S INSTRUMENT
PROFICIENCY CHECK CHECKLIST (SIDE 1)
Page 1
AC 61-98B 4/30/12
Appendix 8
APPENDIX 8. SAMPLE CERTIFICATED FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR’S INSTRUMENT
PROFICIENCY CHECK CHECKLIST (Side 2)
Page 2
4/30/12 AC 61-98B
Appendix 9
APPENDIX 9. RESOURCES
1. Advisory Circulars (AC) (current editions):
• AC 61-65, Certification: Pilots and Flight and Ground Instructors.
• AC 61-89, Pilot Certificates: Aircraft Type Ratings.
• AC 61-91, WINGS Pilot Proficiency Program.
• AC 61-107, Operations of Aircraft at Altitudes Above 25,000 Feet MSL and/or Mach
Numbers (Mmo) Greater than .75.
2. Aviation Digital Data Service (ADDS): http://adds.aviationweather.noaa.gov.
3. Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA): http://www.aopa.org.
4. Beyond the Buttons: Mastering Our Marvelous Flying Machines:
http://www.faa.gov/news/aviation_news/2007/media/MarchApril2007.pdf.
5. Conducting an Effective Flight Review:
http://www.faa.gov/pilots/training/media/flight_review.pdf.
6. Flight Service (Lockheed Martin):
• http://www.afss.com.
• General Aviation Pilot’s Guide to Preflight Weather Planning, Weather Self-Briefings,
and Weather Decision Making
www.faa.gov/pilots/safety/media/ga_weather_decision_making.pdf.
7. General Aviation Manufacturer’s Association (GAMA): http://www.gama.aero/.
8. Instrument Proficiency Check Guidance:
www.faa.gov/pilots/training/media/IPC_Guidance.pdf.
9. Night Flying: www.aopa.org/asf/safety_topics.html#night.
10. Online Resources for CFIs: www.faasafety.gov.
11. Personal Minimums Checklist:
https://www.faasafety.gov/files/gslac/library/documents/2007/Jan/14078/6.2%20Personal%20Mi
nimums%20Worksheet.pdf.
12. Personal and Weather Risk Assessment Guide:
http://www.faa.gov/training_testing/training/fits/guidance.
13. Practical Test Standards (current editions):
• FAA-S-8081-4, Instrument Rating Practical Test Standards.
• FAA-H-8083-3, Airplane Flying Handbook.
• FAA-H-8083-9, Aviation Instructor’s Handbook.
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AC 61-98B 4/30/12
Appendix 9
14. Risk Management and System Safety Modules:
http://www.faa.gov/training_testing/training/fits/training/flight_instructor.
15. Risk Management Teaching Tips: www.faa.gov/library/manuals/pilot_risk.
16. Teaching Practical Risk Management (May/June 2005 Issue of FAA Aviation News):
http://www.faa.gov/news/safety_briefing/2005.
17. Tools for CFIs (AOPA): http://flighttraining.aopa.org/cfis.
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