A. She rang on the day of the interview.
B. She rang before the interview.
C. She rang the week after the interview.
D. She rang when she had got some more information.
II. Read the following passage and answer the questions. (12 points).
Ant Intelligence
When we think of intelligent members of the animal kingdom, the creatures that spring immediately to
mind are apes and monkeys. But in fact, the social lives of some members of the insect kingdom are sufficiently
complex to suggest more than a hint of intelligence. Among these, the world of the ant has come in for
considerable scrutiny lately, and the idea that ants demonstrate sparks of cognition has certainly not been
rejected by those involved in these investigations.
Ants store food, repel attackers and use chemical signals to contact one another in case of attack. Such
chemical communication can be compared to the human use of visual and auditory channels (as in religious
chants, advertising images and jingles, political slogans and martial music) to arouse and propagate moods and
attitudes. The biologist Lewis Thomas wrote Ants are so much like human beings as to be an embarrassment.
They farm fungi, raise aphids as livestock, launch armies to war, use chemical sprays to alarm and confuse
enemies, capture slaves, engage in child labour, exchange information ceaselessly. They do everything but
watch television.
However, in ants there is no cultural transmission - everything must be encoded in the genes - whereas
in humans the opposite is true. Only basic instincts are carried in the genes of a newborn baby, other skills
being learned from others in the community as the child grows up. It may seem that this cultural continuity
gives us a huge advantage over ants. They have never mastered fire nor progressed. Their fungus farming and
aphid herding crafts are sophisticated when compared to the agricultural skills of humans five thousand years
ago but have been totally overtaken by modem human agribusiness.
Or have they? The farming methods of ants are at least sustainable. They do not ruin environments or
use enormous amounts of energy. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that the crop farming of ants may be
more sophisticated and adaptable than was thought.
Ants were farmers fifty million years before humans were. Ants can't digest the cellulose in leaves -
but some fungi can. The ants, therefore, cultivate these fungi in their nests, bringing them leaves to feed on,
and then use them as a source of food. Farmer ants secrete antibiotics to control other fungi that might act as
'weeds', and spread waste to fertilise the crop.
It was once thought that the fungus that ants cultivate was a single type that they had propagated,
essentially unchanged from the distant past. Not so. Ulrich Mueller of Maryland and his colleagues genetically
screened 862 different types of fungi taken from ants' nests. These turned out to be highly diverse: it seems
that ants are continually domesticating new species. Even more impressively, DNA analysis of the fungi
suggests that the ants improve or modify the fungi by regularly swapping and sharing strains with neighboring
ant colonies.
Whereas prehistoric man had no exposure to urban lifestyles - the forcing house, of intelligence - the
evidence suggests that ants have lived in urban settings for close on a hundred million years, developing and
maintaining underground cities of specialised chambers and tunnels.
When we survey Mexico City, Tokyo, Los Angeles, we are amazed at what has been accomplished by
humans. Yet Hoelldobler and Wilson's magnificent work for ant lovers, the Ants, describes a super colony of
the ant Formica yessens is on the Ishikari Coast of Hokkaido. This 'megalopolis' was reported to be composed
of 360 million workers and a million queens living in 4,500 interconnected nests across a territory of 2.7 square
kilometers.
Such enduring and intricately meshed levels of technical achievement outstrip by far anything achieved
by our distant ancestors. We hail as masterpieces the cave paintings in southern France and elsewhere, dating
back some 20,000 years. Ant societies existed in something like their present form more than seventy million
years ago. Beside this, prehistoric man looks technologically primitive. Is this then some kind of intelligence,
albeit of a different kind?
Research conducted at Oxford, Sussex and Zurich Universities has shown that when; desert ants return
from a foraging trip, they navigate by integrating bearings and distances, which they continuously update their
heads. They combine the evidence of visual landmarks with a mental library of local directions, all within a
framework which is consulted and updated. So ants can learn too.