Michigan Journal of International Law Michigan Journal of International Law
Volume 43 Issue 3
2022
Asylum-Seekers are Not Bananas Either: Limitations on Asylum-Seekers are Not Bananas Either: Limitations on
Transferring Asylum-Seekers to Third Countries Transferring Asylum-Seekers to Third Countries
Tally Kritzman-Amir
Boston University School of Law
Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil
Part of the Immigration Law Commons, and the International Law Commons
Recommended Citation Recommended Citation
Tally Kritzman-Amir,
Asylum-Seekers are Not Bananas Either: Limitations on Transferring Asylum-Seekers
to Third Countries
, 43 MICH. J. INT'L L. 699 (2022).
Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil/vol43/iss3/6
https://doi.org/10.36642/mjil.43.3.asylum-seekers
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Michigan Journal of International Law at University of
Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Journal of
International Law by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more
information, please contact mlaw[email protected].
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ASYLUM-SEEKERS ARE NOT BANANAS EITHER:
L
IMITATIONS ON TRANSFERRING ASYLUM-SEEKERS TO THIRD
COUNTRIES
Tally Kritzman-Amir
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Despite the similarities between the movement of people and the
movement of goods, many developed nations have maintained high
barriers to migration even as barriers to trade have fallen sharply.
However, as Jennifer Gordon points out, both bilateral and multi-
lateral treaties governing migration have proliferated within this
weaker global patchwork of regulation. For example, the ability of
developed states to gain concessions on other matters such as trade
or investment has led to the proliferation multilateral agreements,
while bilateral agreements have arisen due to a desire to refrain
from integrating migrant workers in destination states.
This paper focuses on a particular subset of migrants—asylum-
seekers—and aims to explain why they should not be treated like
bananas, so to speak. Their rights, status, and protection, as well as
their transfer from destination countries to third countries, are
regulated by multilateral, regional, and bilateral agreements that si-
multaneously highlight the differences between goods and asylum-
seekers while also treating them, in some ways, like objects or com-
modities. The “banananization” of persons through third-country
agreements is a result of these agreements’ strong focus on the
sovereign interests of destination and third countries instead of on
the effects of the transfer on asylum-seekers and refugees.
This paper argues that transfer agreements should require an indi-
vidualized assessment of the connections between asylum-seekers
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and the destination country and refrain from removing individuals
from places where they have relationships and connections to coun-
tries where they have significantly fewer networks or none at all.
The legal validity of third country agreements should, therefore, be
examined through two questions: First, the extent to which the
transfer agreement supports (or impedes) the asylum-seeker’s au-
tonomy in choosing a state that would grant them surrogate pro-
tection; and second, the degree to which relational considerations
are given adequate weight prior to the transfer by taking into ac-
count global movements and by placing the asylum-seeker in a place
where her meaningful relationships would be preserved.
This article undertakes this task and concludes with recommenda-
tions for the implementation of future third-country transfer agree-
ments.
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. Id.
. Resettlement 81+&5 KWWSZZZXQKFURUJUHVHWWOHPHQWKWPO ODVW YLVLWHG )HE

 6KDQL%DU7XYLDAustralian and Israeli Agreement for the Permanent Transfer of
Refugees: Stretching Further the (Il)legality and (Im)morality of Western Externalization Pol-
icies,
17/-5()8*((/±
 1D\OD5XVKU.S. Was the Number-One Refugee Resettlement Country in the World
in 2019&
75)25,00,*5678')HEKWWSFLVRUJ5XVK86:DV1XPEHU2QH
5HIXJHH5HVHWWOHPHQW&RXQWU\:RUOG
. SeeResettlementsupraQRWH
. Refugee Resettlement81+&5KWWSZZZXQKFURUJIHHE
. See, e.g.“I Was Left with Nothing:” “Voluntary” Departures of Asylum Seekers
from Israel to Rwanda and Uganda ,
17(51$7,21$/ 5()8*(( 5,*+76 ,1,7,$7,9( 6HS
KWWSUHOLHIZHELQWVLWHVUHOLHIZHELQWILOHVUHVRXUFHV,:DV/HIW:LWK1RWKLQJSGI
. See %DU7XYLDsupra QRWHDW±
. See (LULN &KULVWRSKHUVHQ These 10 Countries Receive the Most Refugees 1
25
5()8*(( &281&,/ 1RY   KWWSZZZQUFQRSHUVSHFWLYHVWKHFRXQWULHV
WKDWUHFHLYHWKHPRVWUHIXJHHV
@ Limitations on Transferring Asylum-Seekers to Third Countries 
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6WDWHZKHUHWKH\DUULYHRUZKLFKRWKHUZLVHKDVMXULVGLFWLRQRYHUWKHP7KLV
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 0LFKHOOH)RVWHUProtection Elsewhere: The Legal Implications of Requiring Refu-
gees to Seek Protection in Another State0
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. See 6XVDQ.QHHERQHThe Pacific Plan: The Provision of “Effective Protection?”
,
17/-5()8*((/
. See 0
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 6
$)(7+,5'&28175<supra QRWHLegal Considerations Regarding Access to
Protection and a Connection Between the Refugee and the Third Country in the Context of
Return or Transfer to Safe Third Countries, 81+&5$SUKWWSZZZUHIZRUOGRUJ
GRFLGDFEDGKWPO>KHUHLQDIWHULegal Considerations@
 81+&5
*8,'$1&(127(supraQRWHDUWL
. See 81+&5
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PHQWVVHHIsrael: Deportation of African Asylum-Seekers is a Cruel and Misguided Abandon-
ment of Responsibility$
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with a Layover: Failure of Protection under the U.S.-Guatemala Asylum Cooperative Agree-
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. See
81+&5*8,'$1&(127(supra QRWHDUW
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VWDWHVWRLQFUHDVH WKHLUFKDQFHVRIEHLQJ JUDQWHGDV\OXP´$LOHHQ7RPHow Stricter Dutch
Immigration Policies Are Contributing to Rising Islamic Fundamentalism in the Netherlands
and Europe:
$6+8*/2%678'/5(9QRU³ZKHQDV\OXPVHHN
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VWDWHVPRUHOLNHO\WRDFFHSWWKHP´.LPDUD'DYLVThe European Union’s Dublin Regulation
and the Migrant Crisis:
$6+8*/2%678'/5(9RU³DSHUFHLYHG
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WLYDWHGE\HFRQRPLFFRQVLGHUDWLRQV´3DYOH.LOLEDUGDObligations of Transit Countries Under
Refugee Law: A Western Balkans Case Study  ,
17/ 5(9 5(' &5266   Q

. See, e.g..HUU\0RRUH“Asylum Shopping” in the Neoliberal Social Imaginary,
0
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@ Limitations on Transferring Asylum-Seekers to Third Countries 
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. See, e.g. ,OLDV Y +XQJDU\ $SS 1R    1RY   KWWS
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. See6
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. See /
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 Michigan Journal of International Law >9RO
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. See id.
@ Limitations on Transferring Asylum-Seekers to Third Countries 
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give due regard to any links which the applicant has with them as compared with a third
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Consultations on International Protection: Asylum Processes (Fair and Efficient Asylum Pro-
cedures)81'RF(&*&0D\³3URYLVLRQLVPDGHLQFHUWDLQV\VWHPVIRU
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LW\ IRU GRLQJVR This is appropriate if an asylum-seeker has passed through a “safe third
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. SeeLegal Considerationssupra QRWHDW
. See id.
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. Id.DW±Human Rights Watch Submission to the Committee on the Rights of
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. Id.
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