The question then becomes more intricate. How
does one go about connecting one’s lineage to,
and even enrolling in, an American Indian or Alaska
Native tribe? Many genealogical experts and online
resources recommend the same general steps:
1. Research and identify as many members of a
family tree as possible.
2. Search Indian-specific records to confirm
relationship to tribe.
3. Seek assistance from the tribe to establish a
relationship or enroll.
RESEARCH AND IDENTIFY AS
MANY MEMBERS OF A FAMILY
TREE AS POSSIBLE
NICWA refers inquiries to the Bureau of Indian
Affairs’ (BIA) Guide to Tracing Your American Indian
Heritage. Begin a genealogical search with familial
records. Interestingly, many people mistakenly think
that they should go through the BIA, but the BIA does
not keep genealogical records and does not conduct
genealogical research for individuals.
Tracing Native Ancestry
A Guide to Responding to Inquiries
A publication of the National Indian Child Welfare Association
Hearing the ancestry cliché, “my great-grandmother was a Cherokee princess,” is a common experience for Native people.
It has become an inside joke spanning generations in an America infatuated by playing Indian. Most times, it’s said with
ignorance and no intent to pursue the relation the non-Native person claims to have descended from. However, those who
work in Native human service organizations—especially those related to child welfare—know to expect consistent inquiries
from people who have been told they have Indian ancestry. Some inquire out of curiosity. For many, their desire to establish
this connection is rooted in a family disruption that they wish to remedy.
The challenge of determining ancestry has
to do with history itself. Traditionally,
familial relationships were passed down
through oral history. While this still occurs
in many Native families today, intentional
federal policies disrupted other methods of
recording these relationships.
NICWA receives hundreds of inquiries each year from
people seeking instruction on how to confirm their
Native American heritage. This article is intended for
those tracing their Native ancestry and for the service
providers who may encounter ancestry questions from
the communities they serve.
HISTORY
Tracing Indian ancestry is both intriguing and
perplexing. Part of the challenge of determining
ancestry has to do with history itself. Traditionally,
familial relationships were passed down through oral
history. While this still occurs in many Native families
today (it’s typical to have unknown, distant cousins
or grandmas pointed out at powwows or gatherings),
intentional federal policies disrupted other methods of
recording these relationships.
In 1893, the U.S. government established the Dawes
Commission. This commission was a way for the
government to control what was clearly out of control:
tribal people had been moved so many times from
their ancestral homelands that each tribe’s unique and
culturally sophisticated record-keeping systems had
been lost, misplaced, or deliberately tossed aside.
Trying to reorganize what had once been organically
organized and transmitted by oral tradition was the
task of the new commission. With this wide dispersal
of American Indians, it is not a surprise that identities
were confused.
CONDUCTING A SEARCH
What if someone believes they have American Indian
or Alaska Native blood? Wouldn’t DNA testing erase
any questions? Yes and no. Mitochondrial testing
can certainly tell whether there is Native blood on a
mother’s side or a father’s side, but it cannot identify
the specific tribe they are from.
Tracing Native Ancestry| December 2019
www.nicwa.org 1
At the Native American Rights Fund in Boulder,
Colorado, a spokesperson explained, “You must go
through your own family to find out what tribe you
are from.”
It’s true. In communities that have experienced so
much upheaval and disruption, the most thorough
family records may reside in the memories of relatives.
One should talk to relatives and learn as much as
possible about a family history and take specific note of
vital statics, including:
• Names (full names, Indian names, and women’s
maiden names)
• Dates of birth, marriages, and deaths
• Places of birth, residence, death
This stage of research should include a thorough
search of as many family personal records as are
available. These include oral histories (which, if
recorded, can be uploaded digitally to an online family
tree such as those found on ancestry.com), Bibles,
family papers, scrapbooks, photograph albums,
and diaries.
SEARCH INDIAN-SPECIFIC RECORDS
TO CONFIRM RELATIONSHIP TO TRIBE
Armed with as many names and dates as possible,
researchers can access online genealogical resources.
The goal of such research is to confirm and document
two indicators: (1) a direct relationship between the
individual and a specific ancestor of Native heritage
and (2) that ancestor’s relationship to, or membership
within, a specific tribe.
An ideal place to start is in the Indian Census Rolls
that were taken in the late 19th century until the mid-
20th century. These are a treasure trove of information.
They include tribal affiliation and link individuals with
extended family members who shared a residence.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
has the world’s largest genealogical collections,
FamilySearch. Ancestry.com provides easy connection
to the Indian Census Rolls and links data entered on
one family tree to other family trees in its collection
of records.
Working backward in time, starting with the individual
and moving from his or her parents to their parents
and so on, researchers should cross-check the Indian
Census Rolls for relatives and identify their tribal
affiliations. Other sites with Indian-specific information
are included in the Resources section of this article.
SEEK ASSISTANCE FROM THE TRIBE
TO ESTABLISH A RELATIONSHIP
OR ENROLL
Once a specific tribe is determined, researchers
can visit the National Congress of American Indians’
tribal directory, which lists contact information
for all federally recognized tribes. Many tribal
governments have their own website, which may
contain community and cultural information as well
as contact information. For those seeking advice
on how to establish a relationship with their tribal
community, tribal enrollment, cultural preservation, or
family services departments may have suggestions.
Attending and participating in cultural or community
events and respectfully inquiring about known familial
ties may be appropriate.
If an individual seeks to become enrolled in a tribe,
the BIA explains, “Each tribe determines whether
an individual is eligible for membership. Each tribe
maintains its own enrollment records and records
about past members. To obtain information about
your eligibility for membership, you must contact
the tribe.”
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Further, they write, “When establishing descent
from an Indian tribe for membership and enrollment
purposes, the individual must provide genealogical
documentation. The documentation must prove that the
individual lineally descends from an ancestor who was
a member of the federally recognized tribe from which
the individual claims descent.”
What’s more, each tribe is its own sovereign nation,
and each has its own membership criteria. Some tribes
have strict blood quantum requirements as high as
50%, while others ask for other specific descendancy
documentation. As such, just because one can
demonstrate Indian heritage in no way guarantees
membership into the tribal rolls.
ADULT ADOPTEES AND
LOST RECORDS
Tragically, many Native children were taken from their
communities and placed in non-Native homes where
their lack of identity haunted them. When the Indian
Child Welfare Act was passed in 1978, research
indicated that one in every three Native children was
being removed from their homes. Often these removals
led to adoption by non-Native families who lacked the
relationships or commitment to keep their adopted
children connected to their extended families, tribes,
and cultures. Given these numbers, it is no surprise
that thousands of Native adults search for their roots
today.
Until recently, what information existed of tribal
relations was seldom shared with adoptees. During
the military era and assimilationist period of federal
Indian policy, claiming to be an Indian could literally
be a matter of life and death. The distancing from
Native roots that occurred as a result—although
intended to ensure survival—also created a strong
current of shame in successive generations. Severing
ties was common, and, for many, records were not
written down.
For these reasons, there are many people today
who have only an ambiguous notion of where their
Indian heritage originates. NICWA receives inquiries
every week from adult adoptees who were removed
from their tribal communities and others who are
simply trying to determine their relationship to a
tribe. Unfortunately, scarce information and few
resources make the research more challenging, but
not impossible.
First, one should determine to the best of his or
her ability from which area of the country he or she
was adopted. A rudimentary example would be if an
adoptee was living on the East Coast with a wealthy
family, but knew he or she was adopted in South
Dakota, research could focus on the tribes in that
area, the Lakota, the Dakota, or the Nakota people.
Then, tribal enrollment offices can be contacted to
enlist their help. This type of inquiry may be enough
to alert the community of someone’s desire to
reconnect with home. Many adult adoptees share
similar stories of reaching out to a tribal community
where they had only the vaguest knowledge of a
familial connection. Unbeknownst to them, close-knit
families like those on reservations are aware that a
relative was lost during the adoption era and may
welcome the relative back.
This optimism just doesn’t seem to fit in with the
terrible feelings of displacement that many American
Indian and Alaska Native people feel who have
been taken from their Native communities. The most
committed researcher may become daunted when
the BIA suggests consulting an adoption attorney
for assistance in opening sealed adoption papers to
Tracing Native Ancestry| December 2019
www.nicwa.org 3
The National Indian Child Welfare Association (NICWA) works to support the safety, health, and spiritual
strength of Native children along the broad continuum of their lives. We promote building tribal capacity to
prevent child abuse and neglect through positive systems change at the state, federal, and tribal levels.
5100 SW Macadam Avenue, Suite 300 • Portland, Oregon 97239
(503) 222-4044 • www.nicwa.org
identify Indian relatives, instead of suggesting other
methods of data collection.
However, organizations like the First Nations
Repatriation Institute can not only provide support
to adoptees but may also connect adoptees
with others who have gone through the same
process. Furthermore, looking at the abundance
of genealogical resources available at anyone’s
fingertips, it is striking how self-sufficient one can be
despite the obstacles.
TRIBAL LINEAGE VS. TRIBAL
IDENTITY
Genealogical research is time-consuming and
tedious, but ultimately rewarding. What motivates a
person’s desire to connect with a Native community
is as diverse and complex as the tribes themselves.
Researching and confirming genealogical ties to a
tribal community is but one step in establishing a tribal
identity rooted in culture, history, tradition, reciprocity,
and community. As any Native person could assert,
being Indian entails much more than just getting one’s
paperwork in order.
RESOURCES
Ancestry.com
www.ancestry.com
Includes easy access to Indian Census Rolls and links
to possible matches in its large collection of records.
Bureau of Indian Affairs
www.bia.gov/bia/ois/tgs/genealogy
Publishes a downloadable Guide to Tracing Your
Indian Ancestry.
FamilySearch
www.familysearch.org
Has the world’s largest collection of genealogical
records, including a comprehensive list of Indian
specific resources: www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/
American_Indian_Online_Genealogy_Records
Native American Rights Fund
www.narf.org/nill/resources/roots.htm
Has a vast online library, Tracing Native American
Family Roots.
National Congress of American Indians
www.ncai.org/tribal-directory
Provides the online tribal directory where contact
information for specific tribes can be found.
TO ENLIST THE HELP OF A
PROFESSIONAL RESEARCHER
The BIA suggests writing to the Board of Certification
of Genealogists or the Association of Professional
Genealogists and requesting their listings of
genealogical researchers for hire.
Board of Certification of Genealogists
P.O. Box 14291 Washington, DC 20044
Association of Professional Genealogists
P.O. Box 40393 Denver, CO 80204
