Know Your Rights Know Your Rights
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Know Your Rights
A Missouri Consumer Guide
A
NDREW BAILEY
MISSOURI ATTORNEY GENERAL
Know Your Rights
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Know Your Rights
O
ne of the most important responsibilities of the Attorney General’s Office
is to protect consumers’ rights. The office pursues this goal through
aggressive enforcement of Missouri’s Merchandising Practices law and
continued expansion of consumer education programs.
Know Your Rights is filled with tips and ideas on how you can recognize fraud,
protect yourself, bargain for a fair price and ward off con artists.
This information as well as action taken against dishonest operators can be
found online at ago.mo.gov.
Learn the facts, know your rights and fight back.
Sincerely,
Andrew Bailey
Attorney General
Introduction
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Table of Contents
Home Issues
Landlord-Tenant Law...................................................................................................... 4
The lease....................................................................................................................4
Oral agreements.....................................................................................................5
Security deposit......................................................................................................5
Repairs........................................................................................................................5
Eviction...................................................................................................................... 6
Discrimination.........................................................................................................6
Home repair fraud............................................................................................................7
Solicitation Issues
Thief in the mailbox .........................................................................................................8
Sweepstakes, contests ....................................................................................................9
Travel offers ......................................................................................................................10
Timeshares and travel clubs .......................................................................................10
Charitable solicitations ................................................................................................11
Door-to-door sales ........................................................................................................11
Phone Issues
Telemarketing..................................................................................................................13
Slamming and cramming ...........................................................................................14
900 numbers....................................................................................................................14
809 phone scam .............................................................................................................14
Cell phones.......................................................................................................................15
Common Misconceptions
Separate fact from fraud .............................................................................................16
4 consumer rules to avoid scams, disputes and unexpected costs.............16
Auto Issues
Buying a car ......................................................................................................................18
Lemon law .........................................................................................................................18
Used cars ............................................................................................................................19
Repair ..................................................................................................................................20
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Business, Credit Issues
Loans, credit scams .......................................................................................................21
Advance-fee loan scam .....................................................................................21
Payday loan ............................................................................................................21
Title loan .................................................................................................................21
Pawnbroker loan ..................................................................................................21
Credit cards............................................................................................................22
Credit repair............................................................................................................22
Investments......................................................................................................................22
Work-at-home schemes ...............................................................................................23
Internet, Privacy Issues
Shopping online.............................................................................................................24
Online auctions...............................................................................................................24
Identity theft....................................................................................................................25
End-of-Life Issues
Pre-need funeral plans .................................................................................................27
Life Choices: Plan now for the end of your life ....................................................27
Take Action
How to handle a complaint .........................................................................................28
Sample complaint letter ...............................................................................................29
Agencies to contact for help.......................................................................................30
Publications.......................................................................................................................32
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LANDLORD-TENANT LAW
Disputes between landlords and tenants are common but may be avoided
when the landlord and renter both know the law.
Missouri law:
• Makes it illegal for a landlord to shut o utilities, unless it is for health and
safety reasons.
• Allows landlords to double rent if a renter lets another person take over
the premises without the landlord’s permission.
• Allows only two persons per bedroom, except for children born during
the lease period.
• Allows county courts to order quick removal of renters involved in
criminal activity, even without a conviction.
• Requires landlords to give 60 days’ notice before ending leases for mobile
home lots, if the lease is for less than a year.
THE LEASE
An agreement to rent for one year or more must be in writing and signed by
the tenant and landlord. It then becomes a legal contract.
The best way to avoid later problems is to make sure the lease you sign is clear
about your responsibilities and the landlord’s. Put in writing who has to mow
the lawn, x a clogged sink or pay the utility bills.
A basic lease should include:
• Landlord’s name, address and phone.
• Address of rental property.
• Amount of monthly rent.
• Amount of security deposit and conditions for its return.
• Who is responsible for repairs, utilities, bills and upkeep like lawn care and
snow removal.
Before signing a lease, you should:
• Read the entire lease and ask questions. Once you sign, you cannot get
out of a lease just because you didn’t understand it.
• Ask the landlord to change a lease requirement if you don’t agree with
it, and make sure that change is put in writing. The landlord has the right
to refuse. If changes are made, the landlord and tenant should put their
initials by the written change to show they both agree to it.
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Before you move in, make and keep a list of any damages or repairs that need
to be made. Give a copy to the landlord and attach a copy to your lease. This
will ensure your security deposit is not withheld to repair damage you did
not do.
Some renters even videotape the property and give a copy to the landlord.
ORAL AGREEMENTS (NO LEASE)
An oral agreement is only good for one month. A landlord can evict a tenant
or raise rent with only one month’s written notice. Likewise, a tenant must
give one month’s written notice to end nancial obligations to a landlord.
SECURITY DEPOSIT
• A landlord cannot require more than two months’ rent as a security
deposit.
• At the end of the lease, the landlord has 30 days to return the deposit. A
landlord may keep all or part of the deposit for repair of damages, unpaid
rent or lost rent because the tenant moved without adequate notice. If
damages are claimed, the landlord must provide a list of damages to be
paid from the deposit.
• A landlord must notify the tenant of the time and date when a move-out
inspection will be done.
• The tenant has the right to be present during the inspection, which must
be conducted at a reasonable time.
• A tenant has no right to use the security deposit to pay for the last
month’s rent.
• If a landlord wrongfully withholds all or part of a deposit, the tenant may
sue to recover up to twice the amount withheld.
REPAIRS
• A lease should state which repairs are the landlord’s responsibility and
which are the tenant’s.
• The landlord should make repairs caused by wear and tear and natural
forces such as the weather.
• Tenants should pay for damages that they or a guest cause.
• A tenant cannot legally withhold rent payments until repairs are
completed. You can get evicted.
• If a home becomes unsafe, the tenant should contact local health or
housing authorities.
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EVICTION
A landlord cannot evict a tenant without a court order. The landlord may
begin eviction proceedings if a tenant:
• Damages property.
• Fails to pay rent.
• Violates terms of the lease.
• Injures the landlord or another tenant.
• Allows drug-related criminal activity or gambling on the premises.
• Fails to move when the lease is up.
The tenant will receive notice if an eviction lawsuit has been led and will
have the chance to be heard in court before any eviction.
DISCRIMINATION
Landlords cannot refuse to sell, rent, sublease, charge higher rent or falsely
state that housing is not available based on a renter’s race, color, religion, sex,
disability, national origin or family relationships. If you believe you have been
a victim of discrimination you may contact:
Missouri Commission on Human Rights
Toll-free: 877-781-4236
Jeerson City area: 573-751-3325
St. Louis area: 314-340-7590
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
Housing Discrimination Hotline: 800-669-9777
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Metropolitan St. Louis Equal Housing Opportunity Council
For residents of St. Louis city and St. Louis, St. Charles, Franklin and Jeerson
counties: 314-534-5800
HOME REPAIR FRAUD
Home repair and improvement scams are among the top complaints made to
the Attorney General’s Oce.
Common scams, often targeting seniors:
• Asphalt. Solicitors oer to use leftover asphalt from an earlier job to
repave your driveway. Workers usually start the job and then say it will
cost hundreds or thousands of dollars more to complete it. Or they will
just lay black paint and leave town with your money.
• Foundation and attic work. Repairs often are worthless and overpriced.
• Free home inspections. A con artist comes to your home oering a free
evaluation to look for damage. The estimate will be bogus or the crook
may want to simply get into your home to rob you or worse. Never trust a
free inspection.
• Requests for large down payments. Some con artists even oer to go to
the bank with the consumer to withdraw money.
Beware of any worker who:
• Solicits door to door. Most con artists operate this way.
• Drives an out-of-state or unmarked vehicle, especially after damaging
storms.
• Has no identication or address, just a phone number.
• Demands full payment before beginning the work.
Before starting home repair work:
• Hire companies that are known or recommended. Check the background
of companies by calling the Attorney General’s Consumer Protection
Hotline at 800-392-8222 or your nearest Better Business Bureau.
• Check the credentials of companies. Verify their numbers and addresses
in the phone book, check for county and local permits, and ask if they are
licensed, bonded and insured.
• Get at least two estimates and a third if possible, and get all of them
in writing.
• Get all agreements in writing, including description of the job,
completion dates and price.
• Make full payment only when the terms of the contract are met.
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THIEF IN THE MAILBOX
Reaching you through the mail is another way con artists get your money.
Seniors receive an especially heavy amount of direct mail solicitations.
A number of these may be traps, including:
• Foreign lotteries. In this scam, a letter appears to be from a foreign lottery
claiming you have won a drawing. The crook may ask you to send money
in advance to cover taxes or processing fees, or ask for your bank account
number so your winnings can be deposited in your account. Be aware
that your money will ow only in the other direction.
• Bogus cashier’s checks. Any time a stranger sends you a check for a large
amount of money, beware. This check will likely bounce. Before you nd
that out, however, you may be asked to deposit the check and send some
of the money elsewhere. Eventually, your bank will inform you the check
was no good.
• Oers that look like bills. These solicitations pitching magazines or other
products will look like invoices. Many consumers are tricked into thinking
they owe the money, and they pay.
• Promotional or “live” checks. You may receive a check in the mail for $2 or
another small amount. This check will likely obligate you to something
such as credit card protection, a magazine subscription or a new long-
distance carrier.
• Charitable solicitations. Make sure the charity participates in the Attorney
General’s Check A Charity program (page 11) and follow our wise-giving
suggestions.
• Letters that look ocial, urgent or are in an envelope that looks like an
important telegram. Con artists use this gimmick to get attention or
look legitimate.
• “Nigerian” letters. You may be contacted by someone who claims to be
from another country, often naming Nigeria. The con artist says he has
money he can’t access, so he needs the help of a trustworthy American to
sneak it out of the country, and he will supposedly give you a percentage
of the loot. Consumers who fall for this come-on eventually are asked to
pay “earnest” money in advance. Again, your money will only be owing
in one direction.
• Pyramid schemes and chain letters. These solicitations oer a “get-rich-
quick” scheme promising little work, little or no “sales” of products, and
big money when you recruit others to join the same program. Pyramid
schemes may be disguised as multilevel marketing organizations. Beware
of plans that ask new distributors to buy expensive inventory or claim you
Solicitation Issues
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will make money through continued growth of your “downline.” If most of
your money is made by recruiting, rather than selling a product, this is an
illegal pyramid.
SWEEPSTAKES, CONTESTS
Deceptive sweepstakes are common. Many mailings are designed to make
you believe you are a grand prize winner.
You may receive an “ocial notication” with “congratulations, you’re a
winner” in big, bold type, only to be followed with a disclaimer in small print
“if you have the winning number.”
Although it is illegal to require a purchase to enter a contest or sweepstakes,
promoters know that if consumers are convinced they have won a big prize
they are more likely to spend money for magazines, cheap jewelry or other
merchandise. Some consumers even lose their life savings ordering products
they believe will increase their chances of winning.
REDUCE CALLS, MAIL, OFFERS
TELEMARKETING CALLS
Missouri’s No Call law prohibits telemarketers, with some exceptions,
from calling households or personal cell phones on the Attorney
General’s No Call list. A telemarketer violating the list faces a civil penalty
of up to $5,000 per violation. Register your home or cell phone number
for free: ago.mo.gov or toll-free 866-NOCALL1 (866-662-2551)
MAIL
Mail Preference Service lets you delete your name from many direct mail
lists. Send your request in writing with a $3 processing fee or register
online for free:
DMAchoice - Direct Marketing Association
PO Box 900
Coscob, CT 06807
www.dmachoice.org
PRE-APPROVED CREDIT CARD OFFERS
Credit bureaus allow you to “opt out” of having pre-approved oers of
credit and insurance sent to you:
888-5-OPTOUT (888-567-8688) www.optoutprescreen.com
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TRAVEL OFFERS
If you receive a phone call or postcard oering a free vacation, beware. No
business is in the business of giving away free vacations to strangers.
Tips to avoid trips to nowhere
• Be cautious of rms that ask you to pay before conrming reservations.
Most reputable travel agents will conrm before payment.
• Deal with an established rm. If a rm is unfamiliar, check with relatives,
friends, the Better Business Bureau or the Attorney General’s Consumer
Protection Hotline at 800-392-8222.
• Don’t give out your credit card information unless you expect to be
charged.
• Make sure any verbal promises are listed in the contract. Many consumers
report being told one thing in a presentation, only to nd out it is not in
their written agreement.
• Request written information for total cost and all items included. Any
transportation, lodging, meals or other items not specically mentioned
may not be included. “Free vacations” often do not include meals, taxes,
deposits or other surcharges.
• Ask about the right to cancel or you could end up paying for a trip you
never take. Also ask about cancellation insurance.
• Be wary of vacation oers that are “good today only.”
TIMESHARES AND TRAVEL CLUBS
A timeshare is a property, usually in a resort area, that a consumer may buy for
a certain length of time each year. Missouri law allows ve days to cancel a
timeshare contract.
Some consumers buy a membership in a travel club for hundreds or
thousands of dollars. This product supposedly helps them save money on
future trips. Some consumers complain to the Attorney General’s Oce,
however, saying they could have found the same savings on their own
through a travel agency or the Internet. Another risk is that your travel club
could go out of business after you have paid.
In Missouri, you have three days to cancel a contract with a travel club.
Many travel companies will oer a free hotel night or other bonus if you
attend a 90-minute presentation about their timeshare or travel club. These
presentations can turn into high-pressure sales pitches that may far exceed
the 90 minutes.
Remember, you are under no obligation to buy these products during or after
the presentation, and you are free to leave after the agreed-upon time is up.
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CHARITABLE SOLICITATIONS
Most charitable organizations use money wisely; some, however, spend
the majority of donations on salaries, administrative costs and professional
fundraisers.
When charities call, give wisely by:
• Asking how the contribution will be spent.
• Asking what percentage of your donation will go to administrative costs.
Most consumer advocates suggest giving to a charity that spends at least
65 percent of its donations on program services, namely the cause it
represents.
• Consulting the Attorney General’s Check a Charity program at
ago.mo.gov. You can nd information such as how individual charities
spend their money.
Tips
• Once a year, review potential charities and decide where your money will
go, rather than waiting for solicitors to call.
• Don’t judge a charity by its name. Less reputable charities may use names
that closely resemble well-known charities.
• Don’t let callers play on your sympathy by identifying their organization
with law enforcement, reghters, veterans groups or needy children.
This can be a tactic to get your money.
• Don’t be pressured. Give only when you are comfortable with the charity.
• Don’t commit over the phone. Ask for written information.
• Avoid cash donations and make checks payable to the organization, not
to an individual.
• Be careful about letting solicitors into your home.
DOOR-TO-DOOR SALES
Door-to-door sellers sometimes use high-pressure or scare tactics and may
misrepresent the quality and value of products. Criminals may even pose as
salespeople to enter your home.
To avoid being a victim:
• Ask for proper identication before listening to a sales pitch or allowing a
salesperson to enter your home.
• Don’t fall for the “sympathy” approach. Sellers may say they are working
their way through college or use other lines.
• Do not let yourself be hurried, intimidated or coerced.
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• If you are interested in a product, get everything in writing including
price, warranty and all conditions. Tell the salesperson you will get back
to him.
• Use a credit card if you buy.
State law gives you the right to cancel the contract within three business days
(excluding weekends and legal holidays) if the seller personally solicited and
presented the contract in your home. The salesperson must advise you of this
right and acknowledge it in the contract. If you cancel, the notice must be in
writing. The seller must return any payment or trade-in goods within 10 days
after notication of cancellation, and must mark the contract “canceled.”
The buyer may keep any item the seller does not request returned within 20
days of the contract’s cancellation.
Cancellation cannot be made when:
• The buyer requested the goods or services immediately because of
an emergency.
• The dealer in good faith started to fulll the agreement before receiving
the cancellation.
• The goods cannot be returned to the seller in “substantially” the same
condition as when received by the buyer.
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TELEMARKETING
Criminals have found an easy way to get into your home and into your pocket
— the telephone. Con artists are cheating consumers out of over $40 billion a
year by oering phony prizes, cheap products and using high-pressure sales
tactics by phone.
The best way to cut down on telemarketing calls is to register for free with
the Attorney General’s No-Call list at 866-NOCALL1 (866-662-2551) or
ago.mo.gov.
Here are some things you should know about telemarketers:
• Most telemarketers are forbidden by law from calling you if you are on
the No-Call list.
• Some telemarketers are exempt: nonprots, charities, companies that
have an existing business relationship with you (your bank, insurance
company, cable TV provider), political groups and researchers.
• Telemarketers can only call you from 8 a.m. to 9 p.m.
• You have the right to tell any telemarketer — even exempt ones — not to
call again. Report violators to the Attorney General’s Oce.
Still, scam artists may continue to call you. Don’t be caught o guard:
• Free is free. If you are told you have won a great prize but you must pay
an upfront fee, shipping charge or taxes — forget about it. That prize will
not be worth the money sent to claim it.
• Hang up on oers to buy tickets in foreign lotteries. It is a violation of U.S.
law to buy lottery tickets by phone or mail.
• Don’t be pressured into acting if you are told an oer is good “today and
today only.”
• Watch out when someone asks for your credit card, bank account or
Social Security number. This is called a “phishing” scam, because an
identity thief is shing for your information.
• Ask for written information. A legitimate company will be glad to send it.
Phone Issues
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How telemarketers get your name:
• Contest entry forms and rebate checks. Always read the small print.
• “Sucker lists” that contain names of consumers who have responded to
past telemarketing pitches. These lists are bought and sold by promoters.
• Advertisements. Responding to a TV, newspaper or magazine ad may get
your name on a telemarketing list.
SLAMMING AND CRAMMING
Slamming occurs when your long-distance phone service is switched to a
dierent provider without your knowledge. Although consent to switch must
be obtained, some telemarketers have found ways to trick consumers into
authorizing their service without realizing it.
If you have been slammed, ask your local phone company to immediately
switch you back to your preferred carrier, and remove all of the slammer’s
charges or at least “re-rate” them.
Cramming is the addition of unordered services such as caller ID, voice mail
or three-way calling on your phone bill. Contact your local phone service
provider to dispute items on your bill.
Tips to avoid being slammed, crammed
• Read the small print. Know what you’re signing, especially on contest and
sweepstakes entry forms at fairs and festivals and “bonus checks” received
in the mail.
• Carefully review your monthly phone bill. Make sure your requested
long-distance carrier is still on the bill and all charges are correct.
900 NUMBERS
Beware of employment or other advertisements asking you to call “900”
phone numbers. These calls are not free. You may be charged an expensive
at fee or per-minute charge.
809 PHONE SCAM
You may get a message from a stranger urging you to call a phone number in
the 809 area code. This is a scam: 809 is an area code in Central America, and
many of these calls will charge you a toll, similar to a 900 number in the U.S.
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But unlike 900 numbers, there are no regulations protecting consumers. So
you may not be told that there will be a high fee for this call, and it may be
impossible to reverse the charges once you have made the call.
Other area codes of concern are 284 and 876. It is best to think twice and look
up the area code before returning a call from a stranger. An Internet search or
a telephone operator can help you.
CELL PHONES
Most cell phone complaints sent to the Attorney General’s Oce involve
long- term contracts. Wireless companies oer consumers incentives to sign
a long-term agreement, such as a cheaper monthly rate, more minutes or a
better phone.
When shopping for mobile phone service:
• Read your contract and know exactly what you’re signing. Keep a copy.
• Try out your phone thoroughly when you rst get it. Most contracts allow
you to cancel your plan in the rst few weeks if you are unsatised.
• Document any conversations you have with the phone provider or
retail store.
• If you upgrade or change your plan, ask what will happen to your
contract. Upgrading to more minutes or a better phone often means your
contract will be extended.
• Ask about monthly or prepaid plans. They usually are higher-priced, but
you won’t have the problems associated with a long-term contract.
• If you want to terminate your contract early, you will likely face a large fee.
But you may be able to nd companies that help connect you with other
consumers willing to take over your plan. Your fees will be much lower in
this case.
CAN YOU HEAR
ME NOW?
Test a new cell phone’s signal and
features as soon as you get it. You
may be able to cancel if you are
not happy with the service.
Know Your Rights
MYTH 1
There is a three-day “cooling o” period after any major purchase in which you
can cancel.
FACT: In general, the three-day rule applies only to “door-to-door”
transactions when a solicitor makes a presentation and sale in your home.
MYTH 2
The Lemon Law protects you on all big-ticket purchases, including
used cars.
FACT: Missouri’s Lemon Law applies only to new vehicles and
demonstrators or lease-purchase vehicles with a warranty.
MYTH 3
If a landlord fails to make needed repairs, a tenant can
withhold rent until the repairs are done or deduct the cost
to get the repairs done by someone else.
FACT: A landlord can legally evict a tenant who fails to pay
rent, even if the money is spent on repairs.
MYTH 4
Your credit report only affects your ability to borrow money.
FACT: Potential employers, landlords, insurers and others may look at
your report. Many do.
Separate FACT from FRAUD
4 Consumer rules to avoid scams, disputes, unexpected costs
Never give out your personal information to anyone who contacts you.
Only release the information when you initiate the contact. Only then do
you know exactly who you’re dealing with.
2
Don’t pay full price up front if you haven’t received the product or
service. If a contractor or service provider needs money in advance,
pay no more than 25 percent.
17
Know Your Rights
Separate FACT from FRAUD
MYTH 5
Never pay by credit card on the Internet.
FACT: Under federal law, paying by credit card gives you the right to dispute
charges. This protection does not apply to cash, debit cards, checks or other
forms of payment.
MYTH 6
If a bank or credit card company calls to verify your credit card
number, it is OK to give that information.
FACT: They already have that information. Never give your
credit card, Social Security or checking account numbers to
strangers, unless you initiate the contact.
MYTH 7
A professional-looking Web site is a good indicator that a
business is legitimate.
FACT: Anyone can set up shop on the Internet. Ask
unfamiliar companies to send a catalog or brochure and their
physical address.
4 Consumer rules to avoid scams, disputes, unexpected costs
3
Work with companies that are known or recommended by someone
you trust. Check a company’s reputation with your local Better Business
Bureau or the Attorney General’s Consumer Protection Hotline at 800-392-
8222.
4
Never make a nancial decision under pressure. No matter what the
salesperson says, you’ll be better o if you take time to think about it,
ask around and compare options.
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BUYING A CAR
Buying a car is a big step, and a mistake can be costly. There is no state law
allowing a buyer to return a car and get a full or partial refund.
LEMON LAW
Missouri’s Lemon Law applies in very narrow circumstances by enforcing the
manufacturer’s expressed warranty. Included are new cars and demonstrators,
or lease-purchase vehicles if a manufacturer’s warranty was issued with the
sale. Exempt are commercial and o-road vehicles, mopeds, motorcycles and
the non-chassis portion of recreational vehicles. The law applies while the
vehicle is under the manufacturer’s expressed warranty or up to one year after
the date of delivery, whichever expires rst.
Auto Issues
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A vehicle may be a “lemon” if:
• It has been in the repair shop for the same problem four or more times
without correction.
• It has been out of service for 30 or more working days since delivery.
Lemon Law requirements:
• Owners must report problems or defects in writing to the manufacturer.
• The manufacturer is allowed a “reasonable number of attempts” to correct
the problem.
• If the problem can’t be xed in a reasonable number of attempts, the
manufacturer must oer a cash refund or a vehicle of comparable value.
• If the manufacturer disagrees that you have a lemon, you can use the
manufacturer’s informal dispute settlement procedure. Instructions for
this process are in your owner’s manual.
USED CARS
Since the Lemon Law doesn’t apply, it is especially important to be
careful when buying a used car. Normally you won’t have a warranty, so
understanding the condition of the vehicle is critical.
If you’re considering a used car sold by a dealership, look for the Buyers Guide,
which is required by the Federal Trade Commission to be displayed in the car
window. (This does not apply to vehicles sold by individuals.)
The Buyers Guide gives the basics about the car: make, model, year, vehicle
identication number (VIN) and warranty information. A dealer can
check one of two boxes: “warranty” or “as is — no warranty.” Most used cars are
sold “as is.”
Before driving home a used car:
• Look at the car during daylight. Any damage, defects or other problems
will be easier to spot.
• Run a title search to learn about the vehicle’s history. Searches cost about
$25 per car from www.autocheck.com or www.carfax.com. The search
may indicate whether the car has been wrecked, stolen or used as a
rental car.
• Test drive the car, which any seller should allow.
• Have a mechanic put the car on a lift and inspect it. Choose a mechanic
you trust, rather than one employed or recommended by the seller.
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• Get the vehicle’s title or it will be hard to prove you own it. Missouri
law requires the title to be transferred at the time of the sale. Many
consumers le complaints with the Attorney General’s Oce saying they
never received a title. Tell the seller, “No title, no deal.”
• Get a signed copy of any warranty.
REPAIR
Car repair is one of the top consumer complaints made to the Attorney
General’s Oce. Most complaints involve overcharging, poor work and
deceptive repair practices.
Here’s how to avoid many problems:
• Check out a shop’s reputation.
• Get in writing how much the job should cost. Most repair shops will give
you a free estimate. Tell the mechanic to call for an OK before making any
repairs not covered in the repair estimate.
• Get a second opinion if you think the mechanic wants to do
unnecessary work.
• If the mechanic says parts must be replaced, ask that the old parts be
returned. Have this in writing on the repair order before work begins.
• If the work is guaranteed — get it in writing.
Financial
problems?
If you are having nancial
problems, contact a debt
counselor. The Foundation
for Credit Counseling can
help nd counselors at
www.nfcc.org or 800-388-2227.
But beware of debt relief scams.
Under Missouri law most debt
adjusters cannot charge
up-front fees.
Know Your Rights Know Your Rights
21
LOANS, CREDIT SCAMS
ADVANCE-FEE LOAN SCAM
This scam diers from legitimate credit oers — it guarantees a loan
regardless of credit history and requires up-front payments, often before the
lender is identied and the application is completed.
Advertisements promising this loan may appear in the classied section of
newspapers and magazines and on the Internet.
Beware of anyone who says your credit history doesn’t matter while oering
you a loan or a credit card.
PAYDAY LOAN
The payday loan industry has exploded in Missouri and across the country
in recent years. These loans are intended to be paid back with your next
paycheck, e.g., 2 weeks.
However, some borrowers cannot aord to pay the entire loan by the
deadline and must renew or extend their loan. This cycle can continue for
many consumers, and the fees pile up. In 2012, the average consumer in
Missouri paid a 454 annual percentage rate (454% A.P.R.) on a payday loan.
Payday loans usually are used to help pay bills. But research shows that a
payday loan may be far more expensive than late fees for a credit card bill
or other bills. Be sure you understand the potential costs before borrowing
money through a payday loan.
TITLE LOAN
Title loans may seem like an easy way to get extra money, but beware. You are
getting the loan based on the equity, or dollar value, of your car. If you can’t
repay the loan, you could lose your car.
PAWNBROKER LOAN
Pawnbrokers lend money in exchange for collateral, but not for its full value.
If you fail to repay the loan, you lose your property and the pawnbroker can
sell it.
Business, Credit Issues
Know Your Rights Know Your Rights
22
Under Missouri law, pawnbrokers:
• Cannot charge more than 2 percent interest per month, plus any
storage fees.
• Can lend money for only 30 days at a time. The loan can be extended if
you and the pawnbroker agree.
• Cannot sell your property until 60 days after the date your loan
repayment was due. You still can pay o your loan during this time with
additional interest.
CREDIT CARDS
Don’t fall for credit card oers that:
• Require you to call a “900” phone number. You call, you pay.
• Advertise that poor credit history is no problem.
• Require application or processing fees before you get a card. Some
Missouri consumers have been duped into paying an advance fee
for a credit card, to later nd that the card is only usable from the
company’s catalog.
CREDIT REPAIR
There is no quick x. Companies that advertise credit repair may be
encouraging you to violate state and federal law by lying on a loan or credit
application. Regardless of scam artists’ claims, you cannot change true
information on your report.
The only true way to restore your credit is to pay your bills and replace your
bad credit history with good. To nd a debt counselor, contact the National
Foundation for Credit Counseling at www.nfcc.org or 800-388-2227.
INVESTMENTS
Beware of promises of risk-free investments with huge nancial returns. Some
con artists may boast of inside information, hot tips or other tricks that will
give you an advantage over other investors. No legitimate promoter will make
such claims.
You also may hear that if you do not act quickly you will miss out on a
once-in-a- lifetime opportunity, so you must send money by overnight courier
or wire transfer. Once the money is sent, you never will hear from
the salesperson.
Know Your Rights Know Your Rights
23
Tips to avoid scams
• Be skeptical of any unsolicited phone calls, e-mails or personal visits from
strangers about investments.
• Don’t do business with a faceless person over the phone. And work with
companies that are known or recommended by someone you trust.
• Check out the company with the Securities Division of the Secretary of
State’s Oce, 800-721-7996. All securities brokers and securities sold in
Missouri (unless exempted by statute) must be registered.
• Ask for a prospectus, nancial statement or similar document before
you consider investing. Then read the ne print and make sure you
understand the terms thoroughly before signing any commitment. Make
checks payable to the company, not the broker.
• Ask the salesperson to send literature about the rm. Do not be swayed
by glossy brochures some con artists produce. Also, ask for a written
proposal describing conditions of the contract and a form outlining the
investment risks.
• Get a second opinion on the investment from your lawyer, stockbroker,
accountant or other qualied expert.
• When in doubt, hang up. It is better to wait and miss an opportunity than
to act hastily and lose your money.
WORK-AT-HOME SCHEMES
Check out promises by those oering pay for work done at home, especially
if you are asked to send upfront money. You probably will never make any
money or even regain the money sent for supplies or materials.
Common scams
• Envelope-stung: For $20 you get instructions on how to place the same
ad in other newspapers to trick others into sending you $20.
• Assembly or craft work: You buy supplies and make items that the
company agrees to buy but doesn’t.
• Proofreading: In exchange for a fee you pay, you are promised books to
proofread. The books are not provided.
• Medical billing: For several thousand dollars you are promised software,
training and technical support that will bring you huge earnings using
your computer to process claims for doctors and dentists. Promoters
falsely promise to provide customers and experienced sales sta to assist
you. Few consumers recover their investment.
Know Your Rights Know Your Rights
24
SHOPPING ONLINE
Shopping on the Internet oers competition, bargains and convenience, but
there are dangers.
To protect yourself while shopping:
• Compare prices and oers at multiple Web sites. Many “e-tailers” oer
free or low-priced shipping.
• Search online for coupons and rebates. Many online
retailers will ask for coupon codes at checkout,
oering anything from discounts to free shipping.
• Check out refund and exchange policies. There is
no law that requires a retailer to accept returned
merchandise.
• Double-check your order before clicking the
purchase button. Make sure the quantity and total
price are correct.
• Pay by credit card. You will have a better chance of
disputing the charges if you need to.
• Print out your purchase order with conrmation
number.
• Be aware that if you make online purchases,
your electronic mailbox often will receive more
commercial e-mails. Check a retailer’s privacy
policy to see if you can opt out of receiving such e-mail or having your
information shared with third parties.
• Enter your credit card number only on secure Web sites. Addresses that
start with “https:” — not “http:” — are good indicators of a secure site.
Look for the picture of a locked padlock in the lower-right corner of your
browser window.
ONLINE AUCTIONS
Like traditional auctions, the high bidder wins in an online auction. But
that is where the similarity ends — online auction houses don’t hold the
merchandise.
The bidder deals directly with the seller who makes arrangements for
payment and delivery. Some sellers, however, take the money without
delivering what was advertised. Such online fraudsters have faced criminal
prosecution in Missouri.
Internet, Privacy Issues
Don’t get hooked by a phishing scam
You may see e-mails that appear to
be from a bank, government agency
or other important organization, ask-
ing for personal information. These
are always scams — don’t bite.
Know Your Rights Know Your Rights
25
Before you bid
• Verify the seller’s identity. Some sellers may use a forged e-mail
header, making it impossible to contact them.
• Ask about return policies and who pays for shipping.
• Pay by credit card or through a third party payment service you trust.
If there is a problem, you can challenge the charges.
• Ask about using an escrow agent or paying c.o.d. for expensive items
if the seller does not take credit cards. Escrow agents (for a fee) hold
the buyer’s payment until the bid item is veried.
IDENTITY THEFT
Identity theft occurs when someone uses, without
your knowledge, your name and personal information
such as Social Security, credit card and bank account
numbers to commit fraud or theft.
Armed with this personal information, thieves can:
• Open new credit accounts using your personal
information. When bills are not paid, it goes on your
credit report.
• Charge money on your credit card or make
withdrawals from your bank account.
• Establish cellular phone service in your name.
• Open bank accounts and write bad checks.
Preventing Identity Theft
• Don’t give your Social Security or account numbers unless you initiate
the contact. In a “phishing” scam, a con artist e-mails you, posing as
an organization like a bank. You are instructed to conrm personal
information.
• Don’t put your Social Security number on checks and driver’s license.
• Shred trash with sensitive information. Include convenience checks and
credit card oers you get in the mail.
• Freeze your credit report. By placing a security freeze on your credit
report with all three credit bureaus, you make your personal information
useless to a thief. When lenders or creditors try to access your credit
report, they will not be able to see it. Thus, they won’t issue new credit in
your name. When you need to apply for credit, you can temporarily lift
the freeze. Each credit bureau charges $5 for this service.
• Send sensitive mail using a post oce drop box, rather than your mailbox
at home.
• Carry only the credit cards and documents you need on a daily basis.
Don’t carry your Social Security card.
Don’t get hooked by a phishing scam
You may see e-mails that appear to
be from a bank, government agency
or other important organization, ask
-
ing for personal information. These
are always scams — don’t bite.
Know Your Rights Know Your Rights
26
• Opt out of pre-approved credit card oers and get fewer solicitations at
home: www.optoutprescreen.com or 888-567-8688.
• Use virus protection, a rewall and spyware detection on your computer.
Detect as well as protect
• Check bank and credit card statements monthly to watch for
unauthorized charges and withdrawals.
• Get a free credit report three times a year at
www.annualcreditreport.com or by calling toll-free 877-322-8228. Then
check them to make sure the transactions are only yours. Get a copy
from each of the three credit bureaus: Trans Union (www.transunion.
com), Experian (www.experian.com) and Equifax (www.equifax.com).
The law allows you one free report per year from each company. Watch
for misleading sites requiring a purchase of another product or a
subscription in order to receive a “free” credit report.
What victims can do
• Contact the nancial institution that says you owe money and le a
dispute. Normally consumers are not held responsible for
unauthorized charges.
• Close the accounts the thief has accessed, or at least get new account
numbers.
• File a report with your local police and get a copy. You may need it to
clear your name with creditors.
• File a complaint with the Attorney General’s Identity Theft Hotline at
800-392-8222 or ago.mo.gov.
Know Your Rights Know Your Rights
27
PRE-NEED FUNERAL PLANS
When a consumer buys a pre-need funeral plan, a seller agrees to provide
funeral services and merchandise at the time of the buyer’s death. Missouri
law requires the seller to deposit 80 percent of the money in a trust fund only
accessible to cover funeral expenses.
Some consumers have been defrauded by funeral operators who take the
money and spend it for other purposes. You have the right to see a record of
all deposits made into the trust fund.
Under Missouri law:
• Plans must specify exactly what merchandise and services you will
receive, along with the prices for each.
• Sellers must register. Verify this with the Missouri State Board of
Embalmers and Funeral Directors at 573-751-0813.
• You have the right to cancel a plan at any time.
• If you default on payments, you can recover any amount you paid into
the plan, minus the rst 20 percent of the purchase price.
LIFE CHOICES
For consumers of all ages, now is the time to make decisions about what kind
of medical care you would like if you are unable to speak for yourself.
If the worst happens, do you want articial nutrition and hydration? Life
support? Life-prolonging treatment? CPR? If you can’t speak, who would you
like to speak for you?
These questions and others can be addressed by contacting the Missouri
Department of Health and Senior Services at dhss.mo.gov.
End-of-Life Issues
Know Your Rights Know Your Rights
28
HOW TO HANDLE A COMPLAINT
When you have a complaint, rst contact the business. Accurately describe
the problem and what action you would like taken. Do you want your money
back, a repair or exchange?
Keep a record of your eorts, including copies of all correspondence.
Complaint letter - what to say:
• Be brief.
• State your name, address, home or work phone number, and an account
number if appropriate.
• Include date and place of purchase, who performed the service, product
information such as serial or model number, and warranty terms.
• State the problem and how you want it corrected.
• Include copies of all supporting documents.
If you paid with a credit card, write that company. It might be able to resolve
your problem about shoddy or nondelivered merchandise. If you are not
satised with the results, le a formal complaint with the Attorney General’s
Oce or your local Better Business Bureau.
You can get a consumer complaint form from the Attorney General’s Oce at
ago.mo.gov or by calling the Consumer Protection Hotline at 800-392-8222.
The BBB has oces in St. Louis (314-645-3300), Kansas City (816-421-7800),
Columbia (573-886-8965) and Springeld (417-862-4222).
The BBB also oers a free consumer arbitration service to settle disputes
between businesses and consumers.
As a last resort, you can le a lawsuit in small claims court or seek legal action
in other courts. Consumers who have a claim for up to $5,000 can, without
hiring a lawyer, le suit to recoup their money in small claims court.
Take Action
Know Your Rights Know Your Rights
29
SAMPLE COMPLAINT LETTER
Your name
Your address
Your city, state, zip code
Date
Contact Person (if available)
Title (if available)
Company name
Company address
Company city, state, zip code
Re: account number, if applicable
Dear Contact Person:
On date, I bought/leased/rented/had repaired a product and model number
at location. Unfortunately, I have not been satisfied because state problem.
To resolve this problem, I would like your company to state action you want
taken. Enclosed are copies of my records.
I look forward to your prompt reply and a resolution to my complaint. You
may contact me at the address listed above or by telephone at number with
area code.
Thank you for your assistance and cooperation in this matter.
Sincerely,
Your signature
Your name
Enclosure(s) [Attach copies of all relevant records]
cc: List names of those receiving copies of this complaint letter if applicable
Replace
the blue text
with your own
information
Know Your Rights Know Your Rights
30
Agency Services Oered Phone
STATE AGENCIES
Attorney
General’s Oce
Get complaint forms online.
Consumer Protection handles
complaints against individuals
or companies. You also can
check for complaints already on
le. No Call Hotline decreases
telemarketing calls to your
home.
Consumer Protection:
800-392-8222
No Call Hotline:
866-662-2551
Crime Victims’
Compensation
Program
Provides nancial assistance to
violent-crime victims or their
dependents.
573-526-6006
800-347-6881
Department of
Health and Senior
Services
Investigates reports of
abuse, neglect or nancial
exploitation.
800-392-0210
Division of
Finance
Handles complaints about
mortgage bankers, debt
collection and harassment,
credit bureaus, payday and title
loan stores and other lenders.
573-751-3242
Department
of Insurance,
Consumer Aairs
Handles complaints regarding
insurance companies and will
verify credentials of insurance
sales representatives.
800-726-7390
Public Service
Commission
Investigates complaints
against public utilities and
manufactured housing (such as
mobile homes) defects.
800-392-4211
Oce of Chief
Disciplinary
Counsel
Processes complaints against
attorneys in Missouri.
573-635-7400
Secretary of State Toll-free hot line handles
complaints and inquiries about
stockbrokers, broker-dealers
and investments.
Provides information on
registrations of corporations,
ctitious names and
benevolent organizations.
800-721-7996
573-751-4153
AGENCIES TO CONTACT FOR HELP
Know Your Rights Know Your Rights
31
Agency Services Oered Phone
FEDERAL AGENCIES
Americans with
Disabilities Act
Provides information on federal
guidelines for the disabled.
800-514-0301
TTY: 800-514-0383
Federal Trade
Commission
Federal consumer protection
agency.
877-382-4357
TDD-TTY: 866-653-4261
Federal
Information
Center
Provides phone numbers and
general information about
federal agencies and programs.
800-333-4636
Labor
Department,
Wage & Hour
Division
Handles wage disputes. Toll-free: 866-487-9243
Kansas City: 913-551-5721
St. Louis: 314-539-2706
Social Security
Administration
Provides information on
retirement, disability and
benets for dependents
and survivors.
800-772-1213
TTY: 800-325-0778
PRIVATE AGENCIES
AARP Lobbies for and promotes
programs and issues of interest
to seniors.
888-687-2277
BBB Wise Giving
Alliance
Provides information
on national nonprot
organizations.
703-276-0100
Better Business
Bureau
Handles consumer complaints
throughout Missouri. Oers
free mediation services for
disputes between customers
and businesses.
Kansas City: 816-421-7800
Springeld: 417-862-4222
St. Louis: 314-645-3300
Missouri Bar Provides free brochures to
public on legal matters such as
probate, wills, bankruptcy and
nding legal help.
573-635-4128
Missouri Victim
Assistance
Network
Nonprot organization
advocates for fair treatment of
crime victims.
32
Know Your Rights
PUBLICATIONS
The Missouri Attorney General’s Oce publishes information on a variety of
topics. These brochures may be accessed at ago.mo.gov.
Know Your Rights
OFFICE OF ATTORNEY GENERAL
ANDREW BAILEY
P.O. Box 899
Jeerson City, MO 65102
573-751-3321
ago.mo.gov
Revised January 2023