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CHAPTER 13
Waves and Their Properties
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#!/, 8:A8 Waves in the ocean behave similarly to all other types of waves. (Steve Jurveston, Flickr)
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By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
• De.ne mechanical waves and medium, and relate the two
• Distinguish a pulse wave from a periodic wave
• Distinguish a longitudinal wave from a transverse wave and give examples of such waves
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WATCH PHYSICS
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FUN IN PHYSICS
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By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
• De.ne amplitude, frequency, period, wavelength, and velocity of a wave
• Relate wave frequency, period, wavelength, and velocity
• Solve problems involving wave properties
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L 1"04"- 8]-4,"1.%65"2/22(-&82/" (= /.(-3/"12" .-!
L "1(.!]3(,"(33*"2%.1.-"65" 8 +"3. .,/+"3"
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R-3'"=&41"N3'"65"(32"+%,.5"23.3'"1(&'36(3'65"
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5
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#!/, 8:A> The wave has a wavelength
λ
, which is the distance between adjacent identical parts of the wave. The up-and-down
disturbance of the surface propagates parallel to the surface at a speed v
w
.
WATCH PHYSICS
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/"1(.!R" ++3'33'"4-(3%.1%1"04"- 8(2'"139[9\N-!3'3A9(2.-" 8 +"].1.-"65"]/"12" .-!R
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5
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ACRA
ACRB
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5
6
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R
#!/, 8:A? Because they travel at the same speed in a given medium, low-frequency sounds must have a greater wavelength than high-
frequency sounds. Here, the lower-frequency sounds are emitted by the large speaker, called a woofer, while the higher-frequency sounds
are emitted by the small speaker, called a tweeter.
>"2"%4-!,"-3+1"+3(.-2'(/2'.+!314"%.1++38/"2.%65"2R2-"7,/+"N%.163"165"2N
5
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65"V%.12.4-!N
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5
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5
6
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ACRC
ACRD
(*Q
2
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.%"-"1&8%1., .1*!1.//"!(-3.3'"63"1R>" .1*(-(3(++8'22.,"/.3"-3(+"-"1&86'"-(3(2'"+!.5"3'"
63"1]3'"&1"3"13'"'"(&'3N3'"'(&'"13'"/.3"-3(+"-"1&8R'"-(3(2!1.//"!N24 '/.3"-3(+"-"1&8(2 .-5"13"!3.
*(-"3( "-"1&823'" .1*%++2R'"-3'" .1*'(323'"63"1N3'3"-"1&8315"+23'1.4&'3'"63"1(-65"2R
L 1&".6+.12(-
L 3"1
L .1*[.1/(-&/.-&++\
L 3./63 '
L "241(-&3/"
-2314 3(.-2
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BR "-3+8!1./ .1*(-3.3'",(!!+".%3'".6+R
CR 23(,3"3'"65"+"-&3'-!3'"/"1(.!.%.2 (++3(.-.%3'"63"165"3'3/1./&3"268%1.,3'" .1*R.4 -
"23(,3"3'"/"1(.!8 .4-3(-&3'"-4,"1.%1(//+"2%1.,3'" "-3"13.3'""!&".%3'".6+6'(+"8.41/13-"13(,"2
(3R>(2(-%.1,3(.-N .,(-"!6(3'3'".6+,"241","-3N6(++&(5"8.43'"65"+"-&3'6'"-3'" .11" 3%.1,4+(2
42"!R
DR ",.5"3'" .1*%1.,3'".6+-!6(3%.13'"63"13.2"33+"&(-R
ER "-3+8!1./3'" .1*3'"(&'33'3(2!(:%"1"-3%1.,3'"=123!1./R
FR "/"33"/2C3.E3. .++" 32" .-!-!3'(1!2"3.%!3N!1.//(-&3'" .1*%1.,!(:%"1"-3'"(&'32-!1" .1!(-&3'"
1"24+3(-&65"+"-&3'2-!/"1(.!2R
:@= "*.,Q8:QFQ0-Q(Q"#,Q,)*,.#-
--Q ),Q ,Q.Q)*(-.2A),!A
LINKS TO PHYSICS
"<+.2
#!/, 8:A@ The destructive effect of an earthquake is a palpable evidence of the energy carried in the earthquake waves. The Richter scale
rating of earthquakes is related to both their amplitude and the energy they carry. (Petty OfZcer 2nd Class Candice Villarreal, U.S. Navy)
".+.&(2321"+8'"5(+8.-/'82( 23.234!8"13'04*"22(- ""13'04*"2(-5.+5"2"5"1+38/"2.%65"!(2341- "2N(- +4!(-&
!(2341- ".%13'c2241% "-!/1"2241"!(2341- "24-!"13'"241% "R41% ""13'04*"65"21"2(,(+13.241% "
65"2.-63"1R>"65"24-!"113'c2241% "'5".3'+.-&(34!(-+-!31-25"12" .,/.-"-32R>"+.-&(34!(-+65"2(-
-"13'04*"1" ++"!/1"2241"65"2[_65"2\-!3'"31-25"12"65"21" ++"!2'"165"2[_65"2\R>"2"36.38/"2.%
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By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
• Describe superposition of waves
• Describe interference of waves and distinguish between constructive and destructive interference of waves
• Describe the characteristics of standing waves
• Distinguish re/ection from refraction of waves
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#!/, 8:A87 These waves result from the superposition of several waves from different sources, producing a complex pattern.
(Waterborough, Wikimedia Commons)
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#!/, 8:A89 The pure destructive interference of two identical waves produces zero amplitude, or complete cancellation.
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--Q ),Q ,Q.Q)*(-.2A),!A
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13'04*"2 - 1"3"23-!(-&65"2-! 42" .-2314 3(5"-!!"2314 3(5"(-3"1%"1"- "2R23'""13'04*"65"2315"+
+.-&3'"241% ".%13'-!1";+" 3.:%!"-2"11. *2N .-2314 3(5"(-3"1%"1"- ". 4123 "13(-/.(-32R21"24+3N1"2 +.2"1
3.3'""/( "-3"11"-.3!,&"!6'(+"1"2%13'"1%1.,3'""/( "-3"11"!,&"!R
3-!(-&65"21"+2.%.4-!.-3'"231(-&2.%,42( +(-2314,"-32-!1"!4"3.1";+" 3(.-2.%65"2%1.,3'""-!2.%3'"
231(-&R (&41"ACRAE
-! (&41"ACRAF 2'.63'1""23-!(-&65"23'3 -" 1"3"!.-231(-&3'3(2=7"!3.3'"-!2R'"-
3'"65"1" '"23'"=7"!"-!N(3'2-.6'"1""+2"3.&.43 *6'"1"(3 ,"%1.,N 42(-&3'"1";+" 3(.-R>" '(, 1"3'"
/.(-326'"1"3'"231(-&!."2-.3,.5"V,.1"&"-"1++8N3'"-.!"21"3'"/.(-326'"1"3'"65"!(2341- "(29"1.(-23-!(-&
65"R>"=7"!"-!2.%231(-&2,423"-.!"2N3..N" 42"3'"231(-& --.3,.5"3'"1"R
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1"+3"!3.3'"/1./&3(.-2/""!
.%3'"!(2341- ".-3'"231(-&R>"65"+"-&3' (2!"3"1,(-"!83'"!(23- ""36""-
3'"/.(-326'"1"3'"231(-&(2=7"!(-/+ "R
#!/, 8:A8< The Zgure shows a string oscillating with its maximum disturbance as the antinode.
#!/, 8:A8= The Zgure shows a string oscillating with multiple nodes.
6.#)(Q(Q ,.#)(Q) Q0-
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6'"-(3.4- "2.:%11("1N24 '2=7"!"-!R'"-3'"65"'(323'"=7"!"-!N(3 '-&"2!(1" 3(.-N1"341-(-&3.(322.41 "R
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(36(++1"341-231.4&'N-!5( "5"12["-!"12.-B@AE\R"%"13. (&41"ACRAGR
#!/, 8:A8> A wave is inverted after reflection from a Zxed end.
QQ
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3'",R33'".4-!18"36""-,"!(N65"2"7/"1("- " ++-"(']3'"8 '-&"3'"(1/3'.%/1./&3(.-R23'"65""-!2N
(3+2. '-&"2(322/""!-!65"+"-&3'4/.-"-3"1(-&3'"-"6,"!(4,R"%"13. (&41"ACRAH
R
#!/, 8:A8? A wave refracts as it enters a different medium.
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R 8!!(-&3'"(1%1"04"- ("2
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R 8!!(-&3'"(1!(2341- "2
!R 8!!(-&3'"(12/""!2
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R -3"1%"1"- "(224/"1/.2(3(.-.%36.65"23.%.1,1"24+3-365"6(3''(&'"1.1+.6"15"+. (38R
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9>R 23'"%.++.6(-&233","-3314".1%+2"S>"36.38/"2.%(-3"1%"1"- "1" .-2314 3(5"-!!"2314 3(5"(-3"1%"1"- "2R
R 14"
R +2"
9?R '31"23-!(-&65"2S
R 5"23'3//"13.1",(-(-.-"/+ "-!!.-.32"",3.,.5"
R 5"23'32"",3.,.5"+.-&31)" 3.18
9@R .61"23-!(-&65"2%.1,"!S
R 3-!(-&65"21"%.1,"!83'"24/"1/.2(3(.-.%36..1,.1"65"2,.5(-&(-.//.2(3"!(1" 3(.-2R
R 3-!(-&65"21"%.1,"!83'"24/"1/.2(3(.-.%36..1,.1"65"2,.5(-&(-3'"2,"!(1" 3(.-R
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9AR '3(23'"1";+" 3(.-.%65"S
R >"1";+" 3(.-.%65"(23'" '-&"(-,/+(34!".%65"6'"-(3.4- "2.:%11("1R
R >"1";+" 3(.-.%65"(23'" '-&"(-%1"04"- 8.%65"6'"-(3.4- "2.:%11("1R
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R -5"12(.-. 4126'"-65"1";+" 32.:%+..2""-!N-!3'"65",/+(34!" '-&"22(&-R
R -5"12(.-. 4126'"-65"1";+" 32.:%=7"!"-!6(3'.433'"65",/+(34!" '-&(-&2(&-R
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65"2
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